族裔化國家空間:馬來西亞雙城都市論

本論文以國家空間族裔化的研究觀點，分析1990年至2018年期間，馬來西亞國家空間重構中多元族裔社會結構下的國家與社會關係。在既有的研究典範中，「國家空間」的討論基本上是以「國家」與「經濟全球化」的互動作為理論框架，並以單一國族為基礎解釋國家空間重構的機制。本研究認為過去的研究多以由上而下的宏觀視角探究國家空間重構的結果，缺乏對國家空間重構過程中多元族裔政治異質性的關照，及其對「國家」與「經濟全球化」互動關係之影響分析。本文將研究脈絡放在「多元族裔社會」對馬來西亞國家空間重構的影響，以回應既有國家空間研究所較少著墨的「族裔問題」。馬來西亞在國家發展歷史中，在1990年至2018年間歷經了兩波的國家空間重構營造，打造出「雙城」（dual-cities）策略性空間，除了實現與全球經濟接軌之目的外，更是為調解自1970年代以來，馬來西亞不斷增強的族裔政治矛盾。讓強調「邁向全球經濟」的國家建設，成為打造象徵「馬來伊斯蘭」語彙的行政首都—「布城」（Putrajaya），及藉由多個都市鉅型與都市更新計畫，讓具有多元族裔社會特色的吉隆坡（Kuala Lumpur）成為「經濟首都」。隨著雙城建成環境、土地使用與地租的改變，讓雙城的空間打造，出現了國家與地方社會族裔與階級的「替換」、「迫遷」、甚至是「邊緣化」的摩擦過程。本研究指出，馬來西亞的國家空間重構不僅顯示經濟生產空間的重構，其背後也隱含馬來中心主義的族裔政治發展議程，過程中更充滿各族裔在地方社會與國家之間的相互摩擦，進而形成「族裔化的國家空間」。因而，馬來西亞的馬來伊斯蘭與多元族裔社會的族裔政治摩擦，與既有的國家空間理論提示的由上而下之作用合體，提供一個由下而上的作用歷程，呈現多元族裔社會在國家建設的日常生活中，所進行的馬來伊斯蘭化抵抗、妥協與協商的互動過程。簡言之，本研究具體分析出在「資本主義全球化」和「國家機器」的大框架下，具有多元族裔社會的馬來西亞，所呈現的國家空間重構之複雜性過程與其背後之意涵。

關鍵字

國家空間重構；馬來西亞；雙城都市化；族裔政治；都市鉅型計畫

並列摘要

This thesis focuses on the relationship between state spatial restructuring and multi-ethnic social structure in Malaysia during 1990-2018. In the existing research paradigm, the discussion of "state space" focuses on the interaction between "state" and "economic globalization" as a theoretical framework to explain the elements of state spatial restructuring. However, this study argues that relevant discussions explore the results of state spatial restructuring from a macroscopic theoretical perspective. This form above view cant capture the heterogeneity of the process of state spatial restructuring and can also affect the interaction between "state" and "economic globalization." In addition, the restructuring of Malaysia's state space in the context of "multi-ethnic society" also lacks the discussion of "ethnic issues." From 1990 to 2018, Malaysia underwent two waves of national space reconstruction and created a dual-city strategic space. In addition to integrating with the global economy, is also a way to mediate the growing ethnic political tensions in Malaysia since the 1970s. It built the administrative capital of Putrajaya, a symbol of Malay-Islam, and turned Kuala Lumpur into the "economic capital" through multiple urban megaprojects and urban renewal. With the change of the built environment, land use and land rent of the two cities, the "displacement," "translocation," "forced eviction" and even "marginalization" there have been heterogeneous friction processes of ethnic groups and classes appeared in the plantation estates of Putrajaya and the old town of Kuala Lumpur. The restructuring of state space in Malaysia creates space for economic production and implies the ethnic political development agenda of Malay centrism. The process is full of heterogeneous friction between the local society and the country. This study through the ethnic politics Beyond the existing state-space theory, to provide a bottom-up perspective, to capture the "ethnic issues" in the local society, "daily life," and "resistance" to the state infrastructure plan of the interaction process, to understand the "capitalist globalization" and "state apparatus" framework, What is the meaning behind the heterogeneous friction process with the subaltern people.