蟬聲對鳥類鳴唱行為的干擾

Cicada Sound Impacts Avian Vocal Behavior

陳奕全(Yi-Chuan Chen)

指導教授 ： 丁宗蘇

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/森林環境暨資源學研究所/碩士(2017年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201702906

摘要

傳輸聲音的時間、空間與音頻範圍，對於用聲音訊號進行溝通的動物而言是一種有限資源。而隨著環境中聲音的增加，聲音訊號互相干擾，造成動物間的聲音競爭。為了減少聲音競爭，共域的發聲動物間常有使用音頻範圍或者發聲時間上的分化。在臺灣的低海拔森林，常可發現鳥類的聲音受到蟬聲嚴重的壓抑。為確認蟬聲是否干擾鳥類的鳴唱行為，以及探討蟬與鳥在聲音競爭上的重要因子，本研究在陽明山國家公園二子坪地區以自動排程錄音機進行錄音，記錄當地鳥類與蟬的叫聲；並透過室內操作實驗，對野生的白頭翁(Pycnonotus sinensis)播放不同處理的蟬聲，探討蟬種、蟬聲頻率及音量對鳥類鳴唱行為的影響。野外錄音結果顯示，蟬的聲音確實會干擾鳥類的鳴唱行為；聲音頻率與陽明山暮蟬(Tanna sozanensis)愈接近的鳥種，愈容易受到暮蟬的干擾，而不容易與其同時鳴唱。室內實驗顯示，白頭翁在播放陽明山暮蟬叫聲時每分鐘鳴唱次數大幅降低。當暮蟬叫聲的頻率愈接近白頭翁的叫聲，干擾的效果愈明顯。此外，當蟬聲聲音強度高過白頭翁時，白頭翁會減少每分鐘鳴唱次數。本研究證實蟬聲可以會對鳥類的鳴唱行為產生嚴重的干擾，而且頻率重疊程度及音量大小是重要關鍵。如果蟬的叫聲頻率範圍寬廣、音量又大，會使鳥類避免與蟬同時鳴唱，以降低聲音競爭。如果蟬與鳥類的叫聲頻率重疊程度不高，則可能不會造成很大的影響。未來在探討台灣低海拔鳥類的鳴唱行為時，應要考慮蟬與鳥類之間聲音競爭所造成的可能影響。

關鍵字

聲音棲位 ； 種間競爭 ； 鳥類鳴唱 ； 溝通效率 ； 陽明山暮蟬

並列摘要

The time, space and frequency range of sounds are limited resources for animals communicating by sounds. With increasing sounds in environment, the sound signals interfere with each other, resulting in acoustic competition among animals. To reduce acoustic competition, sympatric animals often differentiate their acoustic frequency range or time to produce sound. In lower elevation forests of Taiwan, it is often found that avian sounds are severely suppressed by sounds of cicadas. In order to determine whether cicadas interfere with avian vocal behavior and examine important factors in the sound competition between cicadas and birds, I used automated acoustic recorders to monitor the sounds of the local birds and cicadas in Erziping area of Yangmingshan National Park. Also, I conducted indoor playback experiments on wild Light-vented Bulbuls (Pycnonotus sinensis) to examine the effects of cicada species, cicada sound frequency and intensity on their vocal behavior. Field recordings in Erziping showed that cicada sounds interfered with avian vocal behavior. Bird species with higher overlap of sound frequency with the cicada Tanna sozanensis were more likely disturbed by the cicadas and avoided producing sound with the cicadas simultaneously. Indoor playback experiments showed that Light-vented Bulbuls significantly reduced calling when sounds of Tanna sozanensis were played. This avoidance tendency was more significant with higher intensity of cicada sounds or higher overlap with sound frequency of Light-vented Bulbuls. This study confirms that cicadas seriously disturb avian vocal behavior and frequency overlap and sound intensity are key factors. Broad frequency and high intensity of cicada sounds would force birds to avoid calling simultaneously with cicadas in order to reducing acoustic competition. However, this impact of cicada sounds on avian vocal behavior might be limited if their sound frequencies was less overlapped. Acoustic competition between cicadas and birds should be taken into consideration for future studies of avian vocal behavior in lower elevations of Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

acoustic niche ； interspecies competition ； bird singing activity ； communication efficiency ； Tanna sozanensis

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