科技考古：以中國東部史前遺址為例

Application of Scientific Methods to Archaeological Study : A Case Study for Neolithic Cultures in East China

周述蓉(Su-Jung Chou)

指導教授 ： 羅清華

國立臺灣大學/理學院/地質科學研究所/博士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2008.00530

摘要

在新石器時代，中國文化究竟為一元發展或多元發展，長久以來一直是學界眾所矚目的話題；由於玉器在中國新石器時代地位崇高，幾乎為神權、政權、軍權、財富及社會地位象徵，因此也成為族群文化交流、播遷及傳承的重要性指標。因此之故，研究古玉器材料來源與其地域分佈，成為探索中國新石器時代文化遷徙與經貿交流的最佳方法之一。本研究運用透閃石玉(Tremolite)的氬氬(40Ar/39Ar)同位素定年數據及礦物學特徵等印記，輔以遺址年代測據，探討新石器時代安徽凌家灘遺址、良渚文化江蘇地區數處遺址，與鄰近地區玉礦脈族群的相互關係，從而推斷其間之文化、經濟交流狀況。

經由氬同位素定年測知，安徽凌家灘、良渚文化丁沙地、煙墩等遺址古玉料生成於120Ma(百萬年)，與鄰近江蘇小梅岭現代玉礦材料約為120Ma之生成年代吻合；透過電子微探儀(EMPA)分析，前述玉料均為透閃石玉，化學成份及礦物學特徵等印記(Mark)也相當近似，依據這些科學數據及先前工作，推論上述遺址古玉材料應源自於江蘇小梅岭玉礦，間接證明安徽凌家灘與良渚文化丁沙地、煙墩等族群已與鄰近江蘇小梅岭新石器時代族群發生傳承交流，但尚未發現與遠方族群發生交流的跡象。

現代礦脈玉料生成年代，新疆和闐玉為121±5Ma的燕山期，與先前所測和闐玉為燕山期生成數據吻合；新疆且末玉為277±12Ma的海西期；西伯利亞貝加爾湖玉在197±12Ma至152±5Ma晚印支或早燕山期，三處玉料與先前所分析江蘇梅岭玉、遼寧寬甸玉、甘肅臨洮玉生成年代及礦物學印記有別。透過測試玉料印記之證據，推測齊家文化古玉料則部份來自甘肅臨洮玉礦脈。新石器時代良渚文化浙江反山、石家河族群所用玉料應另有礦源，實際來源尚待進一步工作加以驗證。

安徽凌家灘遺址與良渚文化江蘇丁沙地、煙墩等遺址出土紅陶塊、陶片之熱螢光(TL)、光螢光(OSL)及碳標本加速質譜儀(AMS)定年數據以及前人工作，顯示凌家灘遺址年代為距今5660至5300年，良渚文化江蘇煙墩遺址碳十四年代為距今5110至4560年，良渚文化江蘇丁沙地遺址一地點熱螢光年代在距今4500±932年，透過各遺址文化層年代數據，推論玉文化的傳播動向，應為由安徽凌家灘文化往良渚文化傳播。

安徽凌家灘遺址出土紅陶塊、混合草木灰加固的黏土為中國建築工藝的精華，透過顯微拉曼光譜儀(Micro-Raman Spectroscopic)及礦物粒徑量測得知，紅陶塊含有顆粒大小在28-80微米之間的碳化矽(Moissanite 碳矽石)，應以合成科技製造而得，為新石器時代合成材料科學的萌芽。紅陶塊所含大顆粒高硬度碳化矽合成材料，極有可能為製玉工具的解玉砂，也為中國最早應用合成材料之可能例證。

關鍵字

透閃石玉 ； 古玉 ； 氬氬定年法 ； 碳十四 ； 熱螢光定年

並列摘要

Combines 40Ar/39Ar, 14C, thermoluminescence dating techniques and Raman spectrometry the present study investigates artifacts collected from archaeological sites in East China. The results not only suggest constrains for the formation ages of raw Jades, but also provide insight into the technological status of and trade amongst Neolithic cultures in ancient China.
Whether Neolithic Chinese culture developed singularly or was the result of simultaneous development at different sites in China has long been in debate. Jade artifacts have long been considered as a key indicator of ancient trade activities. Because ancient peoples of China used jade artifacts as symbols of wealth, and political and military power.
In the present study, we use 40Ar/39Ar isotopes and mineralogical signatures present in jades to investigate the possible sources of raw materials of jade artifacts unearthed at archaeological sites in East China. Dating results indicate that the raw materials used to make the jade artifacts of Anhui's Lingjiatan culture and the Liangzhu culture (Tingsadi and Yantun sites) probably formed around 120 million years ago. This age is similar to that of jades found at the nearby Meiling jade mines, Jiangsu. In addition, the chemical and mineral composition of the archaic jades is indistinguishable from that found at this mines, leading us to conclude that jade materials found at these archaeological sites probably originated from Jiangsu’s Meiling mines. By extension, this also indicates that the cultures at Lingjiatan and Liangzhu (Tingsadi and Yantun) likely had material exchanges in East China during the Neolithic Age. We have yet to find evidence of jade trades with groups farther away.
In addition to the dating of jade artifacts, red pottery shards unearthed at Anhui’s Lingjiatan and Liangzhu cultural sites were dated using TL (thermoluminescence), OSL (optical thermoluminescence), and AMS (accelerated mass spectrometry) techniques. The results show the Lingjiatan site to be between 5660 to 5300 years old, the Liangzhu culture at the Yantun site to be 5110 to 4560 years old, and the Tingshadi site to be 4500±932 years old. These results suggest that the Lingjiatan culture and the Liangzhu culture may have existed simultaneously for some periods of time.
The Raman spectroscopy study of red pottery from the Lingjiatan site reveals the presence of moissanite (SiC). This may indicate shows that ancient Chinese peoples already had the technology to produce hard materials required for making jade artifacts, standing as the first evidence for application of composite materials in ancient China. Such evidence also shows provides a new avenue of research for future studies.

並列關鍵字

Jade artifact ； Tremolite ； 40Ar/39Ar ； AMS ； TL ； Raman

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