南澳泰雅獵人陷阱獵的個案研究：一個在地生態知識的觀點

Cases study on the trap hunting practice in Atayal, Nanao, Ilan: a local ecological knowledge perspective.

王郁傑(Yu-Chieh Wang)

指導教授 ： 王俊能

共同指導教授 ： 裴家騏(Jai-Chyi Pei)

國立臺灣大學/生命科學院/生態學與演化生物學研究所/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201900496

摘要

自2017年10月到2018年4月，共參與並記錄三位南澳泰雅族獵人的陷阱獵的陷阱位置、獵徑、獵物種類、數量、捕獲狀態、利用方式。另外還訪談了7位中老年獵人。結果發現獵場面積小、鄰近部落道路為當代獵場的主要特徵，而數個不同獵區輪替使用、定期巡視、監督人為干擾、精準擺設、主要冬季狩獵等，則為南澳獵人經營獵區的模式。從狩獵成果發現，陷阱地點的選擇、定期的巡視、獵具的改進和選擇性的放生，是達到獵物選擇、降低腐爛率，和以較低努力量即可獲得穩定收獲量的關鍵，也是在地生態知識（LEK）於陷阱獵過程中的展現。此外，生態知識養成、山野技術實踐、信仰連結的實際經驗、gaga的遵守和獵人形象的展現，也是陷阱獵過程中，南澳獵人認同的文化內涵。至今許多中老年獵人，仍堅持每年放陷阱，雖然已非經濟需求，但卻充滿文化認同的實踐與肩負傳承的使命感。從歷史脈絡來看，影響狩獵努力量的主因為銷售管道、族群數量、環境改變和政府法令。多數獵人認為只要禁止商業買賣，以及在道路可及性的限制之下，便不會有過度狩獵的疑慮。最後，本研究發現LEK是將世代傳承的歷史記憶、獵人實踐的身體經驗，以及來自教育、媒體的外部知識，透過個人的整合與詮釋，所建立的在地知識，而此LEK經過集體再現的過程，形成一套集體認同與共享的資訊。這些元素，再透過文化內化的方式，影響個人的實踐。其包含了集體的認同，與個人差異化的詮釋。在當代，陷阱獵的LEK面臨世代傳承斷層、集體生產、共享成果的社會關係減弱，以及外部正式制度打壓的挑戰，使得在地知識的生產、創新、非正式規則的運作遭受阻礙，增加資源治理的成本。

關鍵字

傳統生態知識 ； 套索陷阱 ； 永續狩獵 ； 野生動物經營管理 ； 社會規範

並列摘要

From October 2017 to April 2018, I participated in the trap hunting of three Atayal hunters in Nanao, Ilan, and recorded the trap position, hunting path, and the species, quantity, capture status and utilization of the game. In addition, seven middle-aged hunters were also interviewed. The results show that small area and adjacent to roads are the main features of the hunting grounds. Nanao hunters manage the hunting grounds by rotation of several small hunting grounds, regular inspections of human disturbance, effective set, and seasonal hunting. The harvest result shows that choice of trap locations, regular inspections, improved hunting tools and selective release are key to achieving prey selection, reducing wastage, and achieving stable harvests with lower effort. Trap hunting is the demonstration of local ecological knowledge, LEK. Also, the development of ecological knowledge, practice of wild survival skills, connection with faith, practice of gaga and the role model of the hunter represent Nanao hunters’ cultural connotations in the trap hunting practice. Nowadays, many middle-aged and old hunters persist in putting traps every year, which is not for domestic demand, but for their cultural identity and inheritance. From a historical perspective, hunting effort is affected by the lack of sale channels, decrease of wildlife population, environmental changes, and the government decree. Most hunters believe that as long as commercial trade are prohibited and the access to roads is limited, there will be no concern about overharvesting. Finally, this study found that LEK consists of knowledge passed down from generation to generation, experience of hunting practice, as well as the external knowledge from education and media. Through collective representation, these elements form a set of collective identity and shared information, which affect individual behavior. LEK contains both collective identity and individual interpretation. At the present time, LEK of trap hunting faces the challenges of inheritance, weakened relationship of reciprocity, and prohibited by the external institution, all of which may hinder the production, innovation, and operation of LEK. As the result, the nature resource management may be high-cost and inefficient.

並列關鍵字

traditional ecological knowledge ； snare trap ； sustainable hunting ； wildlife management ； social norms

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