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  • 學位論文

肉體證據:西方巫術論述中身體觀念的歷史與知識轉折

Flesh as Evidence: The Historical and Knowledge Transformation of Body Concept in the Western Witchcraft Discourses

指導教授 : 葉啟政
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摘要


巫術,一個不甚重要且已為人們遺忘的歷史現象,於二十世紀中末葉,似乎再次成為學術論述與社會生活的討論焦點,巫術與現代性的複雜關係從而浮出歷史舞台。但是,這種由遺忘到記憶的轉變似乎並未真正轉變巫術現象與巫術論述的歷史命運,忽視、誤置與錯置依然根深蒂固地構連至巫術所有相關的社會實作。或許,其中問題的癥結不在於,巫術現象或巫術論述是否可以為世俗的現代人所清楚地解譯或捕捉,而在於現代性想像與現代性問題根本未曾為知識人或一般的人群所質議、挑戰(即使1980年代以降的社會學已然開始著手進行現代性的重估計畫)。可知,巫術現象或巫術論述的浮現僅僅凸顯出現代性與巫術現象之間的不安、尷尬處境。調整與修整等知識操作似乎可以稍稍緩解此一處境所帶來的壓力,但是真正解決之道仍應該回歸至現代性想像的特殊歷史歷程。於此,巫術現象與巫術論述的歷史轉變正可以提供一個極佳的歷史例證,引導我們再一次檢視現代性所歷經與立基的另一種社會過程,以及此一社會過程所相應的漫長歷史理路。本文嘗試藉由重新界定巫術與社會秩序之間的歷史關係,發掘出巫術概念所隱藏的生命政治問題,並由此梳理清楚巫術現象於不同時代之中如何為不同人群與文化形式所真實掌握。於其中,幾個相關的主題將為我們逐一檢視:巫術現象之於社會秩序的歷史/社會關係;巫術現象與兩次發現俗民之間的歷史脈絡;巫術現象如何通過社會權威機制,成為社會危機論述之某一情節;巫術現象如何為不同文化所建構;巫術現象所隱藏之真相以及其相應之象徵鬥爭;巫術現象之於玄秘知識之間的歷史轉變。通過上述幾個相關軸線的重述,我們或許可以發現,巫術現象絕非只是涉及鄰里生活之中的衝突情勢,同時也無法化約入文明教化的爭議過程。巫術現象,一如巫術概念,著實展現/掩蔽了生命政治中不可或缺、但是又無可充分處置的根本隱憂,亦即,肉體狀態。這種特殊的無序想像與卑賤存在正是社會秩序問題的真實起源,而巫術現象所挪有的特殊屬性與其相應之漫長歷史不過就是此一生命想像與生命政治的奇異事例。由上可知,當現代社會來臨之際,巫術現象並未因為理性進程或啟蒙精神,從而消失於歷史的軌跡之中。雖然現代性的想像企圖抹除巫術現象於現代社會中所遺留的一切痕跡,甚至強制地將巫術現象,限縮於不文明的過去或野蠻的某一現狀。然而,這一切的作為僅僅只是表面功夫,現代巫術的真實樣態或許已然反過來質疑、挑戰了現代性的普世宣稱,並同時揭露出現代性這張表皮之下的生命景觀。

關鍵字

巫術 巫術論述 肉體 身體 社會秩序 現代性

並列摘要


Witchcraft, a non-significant phenomenon which neatly perishes in the historical oblivion, has regained a strong foothold in the academic field and in social life since the late twentieth century, and the relationship between witchcraft and modernity appears to attract a lot of public attentions. To some extant, this change only works superficially and surfacially as well, for it doesn’t put a true end to the misrecognition and dislocation that witchcraft always meets, and at the same time modernity has never been really problematized. Therefore, the incompatibility between witchcraft and modernity can be easily foreseen. In this thesis, we will try to relocate the historical transformation of witchcraft and the body concept in witchcraft discourses, so as to portray the long and peculiar history of modernity. Several related issues which will be explicated can list as follows: the emergence process that witchcraft is closely related to the problem of social order; the discovery of popular culture which brings into play the different discourses of witchcraft; the process that witchcraft discourse is characterized as crisis narrative so as to consolidate the subjects; the construction of witchcraft or witches as a way to dominate; symbolic domination and resistance within witchcraft discourses; the historical trajectory in which the occult tradition is related or unrelated to witchcraft discourses. As result, it can be found that witchcraft or witchcraft discourse can not be reduced into social or cultural conflict scenario which takes place in village-level life or in the elite/popular exchange process. Witchcraft as a special crime is always related to the life politics, in which witchcraft is characterized as flesh problem as well as “unconscious crime” that reveals the true origin of social order and cosmopolitan imagination. It also can be found that witchcraft doesn’t cease to exist because of the enlightenment ideal and secular rationalism, and at same time modernity never successfully erases all the traces left by witchcraft, even though modernity and its imagination indeed restrict witchcraft into the uncivilized past or the barbarian present. Furthermore, beneath the surface where modernity dwells upon, all the details about witchcraft betray the secrets of life, kept and folded by modern life politics. In sum, witchcraft and its long history may provide an uncanny view to the reappraisal of what modernity should or should not be.

並列關鍵字

Witchcraft Witchcraft Discourse Flesh Body Social Order Modernity

參考文獻


Levi-Strauss, Claude. (1976/1955). Tristes Tropiques. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1996). The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field . Cambridge: Polity Press.
Briggs, Robin. (1996). Witches & Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. New York: Viking.
Briggs, Robin. (2002). Witches & Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
Burke, Peter. (1993). The Art of Conversation. Cambridge: Polity Press.

被引用紀錄


吳鴻昌(2012)。現代性的經濟想像:市場觀念在西方論述中的歷史與知識轉折〔博士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2012.01422
洪伯勳(2010)。製造低收入戶-鄉愿福利國家之社會救助官僚實作〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2010.01710
李航(2005)。現代公共衛生的面貌--一則現代社會的系譜考察〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2005.02893

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