哈伯瑪斯審議民主理論之析評

A Criticial Revaluation of Jürgen Habermas’ Theory of Deliberative Democracy

王展星(Chan-Shing Wang)

指導教授 ： 洪鎌德

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2013.02049

摘要

審議民主理論是一門新興的政治理論，目前審議民主理論主要的思考方向有二，分別是「結果論」及「過程論」。在二種不同的思維之下，相關學說紛紜不一，然最具規範性質之二個代表性理論，則是德國學者哈伯瑪斯（Jürgen Habermas）基於溝通理性及商談倫理學為基礎的「審議政治理論」，及美國學者羅爾士（John Rawls）基於自由多元主義及正義理論為基礎的「審議民主理論」。其二人之審議民主理論各自代表了歐陸及美國不同的民主理念，也使許多學者對審議式民主之目標，針對是否僅限制在純粹程序之形式規範考量，或在議題內容上也要探討合理性或正義之實質規範考量，提出個人見解及相關批判。
本文透過探討哈伯瑪斯對公共論域與民間社會的檢討與重新詮釋，得知公共論域具備了規範性質與批判性質，而是憲政國家作為民間社會與國家之間的具體溝通結構。在公共論域的「理想性言說情境」範疇內，不同個體或社群基於平等的地位，透過「商談規則」所擬定的方式，針對公共事務進行批判性質的溝通交往，進而提出具有有效性訴求之個別言說，形成可被接受的一致性共識或可被同意的共同意見。最後，透過以上的溝通交往形式，個體達到了「溝通理性」的實踐，進而形成有效性的道德規範和法律。上述概念形成了哈伯瑪斯審議民主理論的核心價值。
本文除確認哈伯瑪斯的審議民主理論之定位外，也探討其他學者對哈伯瑪斯理論的批判或反對見解，最後分析哈伯瑪斯學說對當代審議民主理論之影響及貢獻。綜合前述研究成果，本文進一步探討哈伯瑪斯的審議民主理論，是否具有制度上之可行性？如具可行性，對於台灣未來民主制度之改革，有何建議方向，作為本文之研究結論。

關鍵字

哈伯瑪斯 ； 公共論域 ； 溝通理性 ； 商談倫理學 ； 理想言說情境 ； 審議民主理論

並列摘要

The theory of Deliberative Democracy is a new developing political theory . There is two to review the thinking direction with the main deliberative-democratic theory at present, including ‘ the theory of conclusion ’ and ‘ the theory of process ’. Under two kinds of different thinking, the relevant theory is confused and confusing to differ, but have two representative theories of standardizing property most. One is the German scholar Jürgen Habermas, his deliberative-political theory is based on the communicative reason and the discourse ethics. Another is the American scholar John Rawls, his deliberative-democratic theory is based on the liberalism and the theory of justice. Their deliberative-democratic theories have represented Continental Europe and U.S.A.'s different democratic ideas respectively, make a lot of scholar to the goal of democracy of reviewing etc., to restrain from in pure formal norm of procedure considering only, or the essence norm to be canvassed rationality or justice is considered on the topic content, propose the personal opinion and relevant to criticize.
My thesis, through canvassing and re-interpreting the Habermas’ theory about the public sphere and the civic society, learn that the public sphere has the normal and critical quality. It is a communicative structure specifically between the civic society and country for a constitutional nation. In the category of ‘ the ideal speech situation ’ at the public sphere, different individual or community based on the equal status, through the ways designed by ‘ the discourse rules ’, to communicate critically with another for the public affairs, and then proposed the specific speech of effective demand and said, formed the consistency common understanding that can be accepted or common opinion that can be agreed. Finally, link up the communicative form, practice which the individual reached ‘ the communicative reason ’ through being the above-mentioned, and then form code of ethic and law of validity. The above-mentioned concepts have formed the key values of the Habermas’ deliberative-democratic theory.
Except confirm the position of Habermas’ deliberative-democratic theory, my thesis also canvass how other scholar to criticize or to oppose the Habermas’ theory. On the above-mentioned research, my thesis analyze that if is the Habermas’ deliberative-democratic theory having any feasibility on a system? Such as having feasibility, as to the reform of the future democratic system of Taiwan, there are any suggestion directions, as the research conclusion of this thesis.

並列關鍵字

J&uuml ； rgen Habermas ； Public Sphere ； Communicative Reason ； Discourse Ethics ； Ideal Speech Situation ； Deliberative-democratic Theory

參考文獻

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