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  • 學位論文

破碎地景中鳥類群聚組成及棲地偏好

Avian Community Composition and Habitat Preferences in Fragmented Landscape

指導教授 : 丁宗蘇
共同指導教授 : 袁孝維(Hsiao-Wei Yuan)
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摘要


棲地破碎化對生物多樣性的效應對所有的物種並不一致,且不易釐清。若研究只在廣(地景)尺度下檢視群聚組成,則細微的反應容易被忽略。因此,在細(區塊)尺度下探討個體層級的反應亦相當重要。在群聚的層級,於破碎環境中的區塊之間檢驗地景結構(區塊面積、形狀複雜度、相鄰區塊、棲地類型)與植群結構(垂直枝葉結構、植群組成)對鳥種豐富度的效應與交互作用。在個體層級,則分別檢驗不同物種、繁殖狀態(在地繁殖者、鄰地繁殖者、冬候鳥種)、以及生態同功群(食蟲者、雜食者)鳥類的棲地偏好。最後則比較不同繁殖狀態的鳥類在不同棲地類型的區塊中是否具邊緣效應。研究地(國立臺灣大學梅峰山地實驗農場)區分成286個區塊及六種棲地類型(建築、耕地、天然林、果園、人工林、水池)。2005年到2007年的三個繁殖季中,所有被觀察到的鳥類個體(66種、1,1740個紀錄點)的位置皆記錄於地圖上,所有區塊的植群結構則在2007年測量。 在群聚層級,棲地類型和植群結構對鳥種豐富度的影響大於區塊面積。在建築、耕地、人工林及水池,該區塊與天然林和人工林區塊的相鄰長度為維持鳥種豐富度的重要因子。在果園、天然林與人工林中,植群結構則為維持更高的鳥種豐富度的重要因子。在個體層級,大多數的鳥種偏好天然林與人工林,但是仍然有些鳥種偏好非森林的棲地。不同物種、繁殖狀態以及生態同功群的鳥類個體,對垂直枝葉結構與植群組成的偏好皆不盡相同。在地繁殖者的紀錄點密度顯著的高於鄰地繁殖者與冬候鳥種。在建築與耕地中,任何繁殖狀態的鳥類個體紀錄點密度沒有顯著的邊緣效應。然而,在地繁殖者在果園、天然林與人工林中,與冬候鳥種在天然林中,邊緣距離帶的紀錄點密度顯著地高於內部。這些結果暗示地景結構、垂直枝葉結構與植群組成的多樣度是在破碎環境中維持高生物多樣性的重要因子。破碎的區塊可以依面積和植群結構分類。植群結構單純的區塊(無論面積大或小),首要是增加其植群結構的複雜度。植群結構複雜的大區塊對於吸引鳥類個體與維持高鳥種豐富度而言是較好的狀態,但是無法吸引某些偏好非森林棲地的鳥種。

並列摘要


Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity are not universal to all species and are difficult to be clarified. If only examining community composition at broader (landscape) scale, it will be easy to neglect some delicate responses. It is important to conduct research on individual level and at finer (patch) scale. This study was aimed to examine the effects and interactions of the attributes of landscape structure (patch area, shape complexity, neighboring patches, and habitat type) and vegetation structure (vertical foliage structure, and floristic composition) to bird species richness among patches in a fragmented environment. On individual level, the habitat preferences of different bird species, reproductive statuses (local breeders, neighboring breeders, and wintering species), and ecological guilds (insectivores and omnivores) among diverse landscape components were also examined. Finally, edge effects to different bird reproductive statuses in different habitat types were compared. The study site, Meifeng Highlands Experimental Farm of National Taiwan University, was classified into 286 patches and six habitat types (buildings, fields, native forests, orchards, plantations, and ponds). The locations of all observed bird individuals (66 species, 11,740 registration spots) were mapped during three breeding seasons from 2005 to 2007. The vegetation structures of the 286 patches were measured in 2007. On community level, the effects of habitat types and vegetation structure on bird species richness were stronger than patch area. For patches of buildings, fields, plantations and ponds, the length of adjacent native forests and plantations were the important factors to sustain bird species richness; in orchards, native forests and plantations, vegetation structure were the important factors to sustain higher bird species richness. On individual level, most species preferred native forests and plantations, but there were still some species preferred non-forest habitats. Different species, reproductive statuses, and ecological guilds preferred different situations of vertical foliage structure and floristic composition. The registration spot densities of local breeders were significantly higher than neighboring breeders and wintering species. In buildings and fields, the registration spot densities of different reproductive statuses did not show significant edge effects. However, the registration spot densities of edge buffer zones were significantly higher than the interior ones in orchards, native forests, and plantations for local breeders, and in native forests for wintering species. These results suggested that diversity of landscape structure, vertical foliage structure, and floristic composition were important factors to sustain higher biodiversity in fragmented environments. Fragmented patches can be classified by area and vegetation structure. For patches with simple vegetation structure (no matter large or small), it is important to increase the complexity of vegetation structure. Large patches with complex vegetation structure are the best to attract bird individuals and sustain high bird species richness, but invalid to some species which prefer non-forest habitats.

參考文獻


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被引用紀錄


周思吟(2015)。農場尺度生物多樣性保育區空間優選方法分析與比較-以梅峰農場為例〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2015.01222
蕭維德(2013)。農場尺度生物多樣性保育系統性優化規劃方法-以梅峰農場為例〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2013.02720

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