延遲退場：嘉興姚家蕩漁民的上岸生活調適

2000年以來，因應城鎮化與區域生態治理，在中國的長江流域，尤其是江浙一帶，漁民上岸運動十分普遍。然而，少有研究關注水邊人口面對這一政策如何因應。已有不少研究指出漁船拆解，水面使用權收歸公有之後，漁民群體面臨的轉業滯礙。就本研究所關注的浙江嘉興姚家蕩上岸漁民而言，一部分人成功轉業，也有很多人始終在低端產業迴圈徘徊，在城市狹縫中延續著人水生產關係。不過，在筆者看來，這種延遲退場效應並非僅僅指向消極和局限，實際上，其內蘊於一種水上人世代沿襲而綿延的與變動地景共存的心態，同時也映射出一種變動空間格局下的多元人際關係。新中國成立以來，針對漁農業人口一系列政策號召，就是為了推動和加速離散社會的整合，晚近的漁民上岸也是其中的重要一步。但延遲效應讓上岸漁民處在一種過渡狀態。本文的目的，是去洞悉這種延遲退場狀態的成因及價值意義。具體來說，將從一個對筆者而言有兒時記憶的，在漁民上岸過程中被拆解的漁村出發，探討政策號召下，伴隨著地景和經濟結構的變動，與上岸漁民有關的物質（比如漁船）、職業身份與情感流動，進而看到群體內部的差異和互動，在故鄉情結和國家敘事的碰撞下，在部分上岸漁民維繫人水關係的適應性行動中，看見延遲效應對文化存續和在地記憶回溯的積極意義。

關鍵字

水上人；漁民上岸；移動；調適；城鎮化

並列摘要

Since the new millennium, in response to urbanization and regional ecological management, fishermen's movement to the shore has been widespread in the Yangtze River basin of China, especially in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. However, little research has been conducted on how the waterside population has responded to this policy. There have been a number of studies on the hindrances faced by fishermen groups in changing their occupation after the dismantling of fishing vessels and the reversion of water rights to public ownership. In the case of the fishermen disembarked in Yaojiadang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, which is the focus of this study, some of them have successfully changed jobs, while many others are still wandering in the low-end industrial circle, continuing the relationship between human and water-based production in the urban crevice. However, in the author's view, this delayed exit effect does not only point to negativity and limitations, but in fact embodies a continuous mentality of coexistence with the changing landscape that has been inherited by the people on the water for generations, and also reflects a pluralistic interpersonal relationship in a changing spatial pattern. Since the founding of New China, a series of policies targeting the agricultural and fishery populations have been aimed at promoting and accelerating the integration of discrete societies, and the recent disembarkation of fishermen has been an important step in this process. However, the delayed effect has left landed fishermen in a state of transition. The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into the causes and value of this delayed exit. Specifically, it will look at the material (e.g. fishing boats), occupational and emotional flows associated with landed fishermen under the policy call, along with changes in the landscape and economic structure, and then see the differences and interactions within the group. In the context of the collision of homeland and national narratives, the adaptive actions of some landed fishermen in maintaining the relationship between people and water, the positive significance of the delay effect on cultural survival and local memory retrieval is seen.