由垂直整合至分工--以家電公司為例

黃功傑

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由垂直整合至分工--以家電公司為例

黃功傑 , Masters　　Advisor：于卓民　　

繁體中文

垂直整合；垂直分工；外包；核心能力； Vertical Integration ； Vertical Disintegration ； Outsourcing ； Core Competencies

Abstract │ Reference (110) │ Altmetrics

Abstract 〈TOP〉

企業的策略制定與執行並非一成不變的，必須依產業的變化、競爭的動態況、及本身的資源多寡，隨時檢視是否需要加以修正，如此才能讓企業立於不敗之地，達成永續經營。在產業的生命週期步入成熟期以後，單靠『產品創新』與『流程創新』均不足以維持企業的競爭力，必須藉由『策略創新』來接續企業的生命力，所謂的『策略創新』也就是重組價值鏈，傳統上，許多企業對於重組價值鏈的做法是進行『垂直整合』。但在核心能力（Core Competency）的觀念普遍化之後，管理的鐘擺又朝向了垂直分工，於是降低垂直整合反而成為風尚，企業開始更加注重專注、輕裝、簡捷，把競爭力的重點放在自己最為優勢的領域，對於非核心能力價值活動，企業改以外包的方式來取代。
關於垂直整合策略或分工策略的相關研究，過去雖有諸多文獻探討，但其研究方向多著重在策略形成的動機、效益、成本、影響因素及與經營績效的關係，對於垂直整合的關鍵成功因素，及垂直整合策略在執行過程，若面對外在環境的變化需要調整時，引發策略需要改變的內外在因素為何？如何進行策略調整？以及如何進行策略調整後的管理，這些在過去的文獻中則較少學者加以探討，因此，本研究擬以與民眾生活密不可分的小家電產業為研究對象，探討以下問題，並希望能為小家電產業帶來實質的貢獻。
一、    導致企業由『垂直整合策略』走向分工的因素為何？
二、    企業應如何由『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』？ 
三、    如何進行分工後外包的管理？
本研究以文獻探討為基礎，進行研究架構的發展，而在個案公司應具有代表性的考量下，選擇全球最大的小家電供應商-燦坤集團的小家電部門為研究對象，透過個案分析與資料整理，本研究獲得如下的結論：
一、    導致企業由『垂直整合策略』走向『分工策略』的因素 
(一)、內在因素：垂直整合項目若未掌握關鍵成功因素，尤其是背離了『在可以成為核心能力的價值活動進行整合』，在經歷一定時間後，將會導致文獻中所提及的垂直整合的成本，且不斷地升高。
(二)、外在因素：當『產業規模經濟』的良性循環所彰顯的利益超越企業進行垂直整合的利益時，企業將會將『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』，改以外包取代自製。所以，企業進行外包的動機，從個案公司的研究中得知，除部分項目與文獻所提的不同外，其餘項目諸如專注於核心能力，將資源聚焦，避免或減少資本支出、減少材料的損耗，及降低無效率，以取得較低的成本，改進服務的績效等，均與學者Lomas (1997) 與 Mariotti (1996) 提出的企業進行外包的動機相符。
二、    企業應如何由『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』？ 
關於企業由『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』的方法，結合文獻與個案研究的結果，本研究認為應包含三個部分，第一是決定外包的標的，第二是遵循外包的流程，第三是掌握外包的關鍵成功因素。在選擇外包的標的上，企業應將非核心或無效率的值值活動予以外包；而在外包的流程上，有二十一項的程序必須加以遵循。 外包的流程與外包的關鍵成功因素，兩者為一體兩面。
三、    如何進行分工後外包的管理？
關於如何做好分工後外包廠商的管理，本研究獲致的結論包含兩大部分：
(一)、中心思想：企業在進行分工後的管理，必須與供應商構築穩固的關係，經由更好的協調，共同降低價值鏈中的成本，同時持續加以管理。
(二)、具體作法：此包括兩個部分，第一個部分是『建立分工後的管理作業程序』，包括改善作業流程及建立標準作業規範、組織與工作權責調整；第二個部分是『建立中衛體系運作的管理模型』。包括成立外包廠輔導小組主動協助改善外包廠之體質，包括管理、財務、技術、製程、行銷等功能，並透過衛星工廠管理辦法之建立及以衛星工廠聯誼會為溝通平台，使中心廠與外包廠之間保持連繫，發揮互相依賴、庇護、相輔相成的作用。
最後，本研究對個案公司及其他小家電企業提出如下的建議：
(一)、對個案公司的建議
1、慎選有競爭力的外包廠。
2、以平等地位對待外包廠，互相合作、共存共榮。
3、快速落實合約，及標準作業規範，縮短磨合期。
4、規劃導入中衛發展中心所建議的，分工後管理外包的作法。
5、朝OVM的模式發展，研發更高附加價值的產品，以更多的專利，建立競爭障礙。
6、在中國市場重塑並發展自有品牌。
(1)、增加研發資源，積極開發符合中國人消費特點的小家電產品。
(2)、以代理、借牌、併購等方式取得國際品牌，進入中國小家電市場。
(二)、對其他小家電企業的建議
1、當產業具有產業規模大、企業數目多的特徵時，企業採取垂直整合所達成的規模經濟可以藉由產業之間的分工來達成，因此，垂直合策略與分工策略的選擇上，採取『分工策略』是較佳的策略選擇。

2、若企業因公司整體策略的需要，必須進行垂直整合時，必須把握垂直整合的關鍵成功因素(如表5-1)。

3、原本採取『垂直整合策略』的企業，若需要調整為『分工策略』時，在作法上，企業必須審視自身在『產業價值鏈』的地位，找出『核心能力』所在，集中資源予以強化；對於非核心的價值活動，則適當予以『外包』，借由『產業規模經濟』提升效率、降低成本。而為了確保『外包』的作法能夠成功，企業必須掌握外包的關鍵成功因素，選擇優秀的供應商，以公平、對等的合約與供應商建立起長期而穩定的『夥伴關係』，代替過去的『競爭關係』；同時對外包後的供應鏈進行持續的管理，如此才能成功的達成策略轉折的目的。

Parallel Abstract 〈TOP〉

To ensure sustainable development of a company, the relevant business strategies should be reviewed and adjusted from time to time, taking into account changes in the industry, dynamic status of competition and the availability of resources. Once the industry has entered the maturity stage of its life cycle, “Product Innovation” and “Process Innovation” no longer suffice the needs of a company to maintain its competitiveness in the market. “Strategic Innovation”, therefore, would be the key to maintain the vitality of an enterprise. “Strategic Innovation” implies the restructuring of value chain. To achieve this purpose, many companies adopt the traditional approach, i.e., vertical integration. With the popularity of the “Core Competency” concepts, however, the management focus has been shifted to “Vertical Disintegration”. Business entities have since paid more attention to achieving a concentrated, efficient and easily-mobile organizational structure, endeavoring to build up the company’s competitiveness by enhancing its key advantages. Value activities which do not involve the core competencies, therefore, are outsourced.  
From the existing literature, we can find that a lot of research has been done on both vertical integration and disintegration strategies. Less literature was found, however, about the key success factors for vertical integration, the internal/external factors necessitating strategic adjustments due to relevant changes in the external environment, methodologies for such strategic adjustments, as well as the management direction after the strategic adjustment, etc. In this research, therefore, we shall probe the following issues, focusing on the small home appliances industry:
1.    What are the factors causing the shift of business focus from the “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”?
2.    Methodologies for companies to make strategic adjustments from the “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”.
3.    Outsourcing management after the disintegration process. 
By means of case studies and information integration, we have reached the following conclusion:
I.    Factors causing the shift of business focus from “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”.
(I)    Internal Factors: Vertical integration may lead to a higher integration cost if the company failed to grasp the key success factors in the integration process, particularly if it failed to conduct the integration “within the scope of value activities which may develop into core competencies of the company”. 
(II)    External Factors: Once the profit generated from the positive cycle of the “industrial economy of scale” has exceeded the profit resulted from the vertical integration, the company will adjust its business direction from the “vertical integration strategy” to the “disintegration strategy”, i.e., outsourcing of business rather than self-manufacturing.
II.    Methodologies for companies to make strategic adjustments from the “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”.
Based on results of documentation review and case study, we conclude that the strategic adjustments involve three parts: (1) Determine the business items for outsourcing, (2) Follow the procedures for outsourcing, (3) Grasp the key success factors for outsourcing. 
III.    Outsourcing management after the disintegration process.
Based on the results of our study, successful supplier management for outsourced business involves two major aspects:
(I)    Key Business Philosophy: To achieve successful management after disintegration, the company should build up a solid relationship with its suppliers and, through better coordination and mutual efforts, achieve a cost reduction for the value chain. Continuous efforts should be made in managing the outsourced business.  
(II)    Specific Measures: This also involves two parts: (1) Establishing the “Post-disintegration Management Procedures”, including improved work flow, establishment of standard operational procedures and adjustment of organization and job contents, (2) Building up a management model for the corporate synergy system (CSS). 
Finally, we have the following recommendations to the target companies of our case study, as well as other small home appliances companies:
(I)    Recommendation to the target companies of our case study:
1.    Carefully select the outsourced suppliers, ensuring their competitiveness in the market.
2.    Treat the suppliers fairly. Build up a good partnership to achieve mutual prosperity. 
3.    Implement the contents of agreements and standard operational procedures speedily and effectively  to shorten the period of mutual adaptation.
4.    Introduce the methodologies for outsourcing management as recommended by the CSS Development Center. 
5.    Shift the business direction to the OVM model; make R&D efforts on high-value-adding products; build up barriers to competition by acquiring more patents. 
6.    Rebuild the brand image and develop self-owned brands in the China market.
(1)    Increase R&D resources. Aggressively develop small home appliances that can fully meet consumer demand in the China market.
(2)    Access to the small home appliances market of China through alliance with  international brands, by means of distributorship, license-borrowing or acquisition, etc. 
(II)    Recommendations to other small home appliances enterprises 
1.    For industries featured by large scope and number of companies, an “Economy of Scale” can be achieved by disintegration, rather than the conventional way of vertical integration. Between the options of vertical integration and disintegration, therefore, “disintegration” is a better strategy.
2.    In the event that a company needs to adopt the vertical integration strategy to meet its overall strategic requirements, the company should ensure that the key success factors for vertical integration are fully grasped (Table 5-1).
3.    For an enterprise contemplating a shift from the “vertical integration” strategy to “disintegration strategy”, it should first review its own position in the industrial value chain and identify its core competencies. The company should then focus its resources on enhancing its core competencies and outsourcing the value activities which do not involve core competencies, wherever deemed appropriate. In other words, the company should endeavor to improve its efficiency and lower costs by achieving an “industrial economy of scale”. To ensure the success of outsourced business, the company should also grasp the key success factors for outsourcing, select high-quality suppliers and build up a long-term and stable “partnership” with the supplier by means of a fair and equally-positioned agreement, instead of the “competitive relationship” in the past. Continuous efforts should be made to manage the value chain after the outsourcing to ensure a successful strategic change.

Reference ( 110 ) 〈TOP〉

朱宜振（2006），台灣工業電腦垂直整合策略的個案研究，國立成功大學高階管理碩士在職專班碩士論文。
連結：
朱博湧、鄧美貞、黃基鴻（2005），垂直整合與虛擬整合商業模式之績效比較：台灣積體電路産業實證，交大管理學報，25(1)，1-27。
連結：
李震宇（2006），台灣半導體產業之垂直分工與競爭分析，國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文。
連結：
林雅琦（1993），探討不同組織文化下影響台灣中小企業外包程度之關鍵因素，國立成功大學工業管理科學研究所碩士論文。
連結：
許惠珠（2003），交易成本理論的回顧與前瞻，中華技術學院學報，28，79-98。
連結：

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