- 學位論文
建築業工人之人因工程危害評估及分析
Ergonomic Hazards Evaluation and Analysis of Construction Workers
摘要
目前台灣各產業有關肌肉骨骼系統而造成的職災逐年增加，而長時間不當的工作姿勢也易造成肌肉骨骼系統方面的疾病等傷害。建築業的工作中手部重複性的動作、握持重物、全身或局部的振動及不自然的姿勢等的比例也遠遠超過其他產業。所以本研究目的為了解建築業勞工的肌肉骨骼不適情形，並透過現場工作觀察與訪視找出人因潛在的危害因子，並提供有效的改善建議。 本研究的研究對象為建築工種中的鋼筋工、混凝土工、水電工、油漆工、模板工及泥作工六個工種。研究流程可分為三個部分，第一部分為進行主觀式問卷的調查，旨在瞭解作業人員肌肉骨骼不適情況；第二部分為現場工作觀察分析與檢核表分析，旨在瞭解各作業的主要項目與潛在危害；第三部份為敏感度與特定度的分析，旨在了解檢核表的適用性。 研究結果顯示：主觀問卷部分，建築勞工於下背或腰部不適（49.5 %）的比例最高，其次是肩膀不適（43.5％）、手或手腕不適（41.8%）。BRIEF檢核表部分，右手/手腕/手肘在所有工種中皆是評估為人因潛在危害的高風險部位。生物力學部份，右手/手腕在所有工種中皆是評估為人因潛在危害的高風險部位。OWAS動作分析部份，在所有工種中具有潛在危害的比例為95.4%。敏感度部份以OWAS為最佳。 依本研究結果建議，應給予建築勞工適當的休息時間，並定期舉辦教育訓練；希望整頓建築工地的施工環境；更加嚴謹的執行安全設備工具的使用；針對一些高噪音及振動度高的機具應加以改善以避免造成身體上過多的負荷。
並列摘要
Currently in Taiwan, occupational hazards due to poor work posture have gradually increased, long time is spent in improper work postures also tend to cause harms to the muscular and skeletal systems. In the construction business, the ratio for repetitive hand activity, holding heavy objects, full body or partial vibration, and unnatural posture are far above that of other industries. Therefore the purpose of this study is to understand the muscle and bone discomfort of laborers in the construction business, and uses worksites observation and interviews to find the potentially harmful factors to ergonomics, and provide effective suggestions for improvement. This study uses six types of construction workers: steel fixer, concrete worker, plumber and electrician, painter, carpenter, and mixer as research subjects. The research procedures can be divided into three parts, the first part conduct subjective questionnaires, in order to understand the muscle and bone discomfort of the workers; the second part consists of worksite observation and checklist analysis, in order to understand items and potential harms of each type of work; the third part is sensitivity and specificity analysis, in order to understand fitness of the checklist to the study. Results of the study show: in terms of the subjective questionnaire, construction workers have the highest ratio of lower back or waist discomfort (49.5 %), followed by shoulder discomfort (43.5%), and hand or wrist discomfort (41.8%). In terms of the BRIEF checklist, the right hand/wrist/elbow is evaluated to be of high potential risks to ergonomics for all types of construction work. In terms of biomechanics, the right hand/wrist is evaluated to be of high potential risk to ergonomics for all types of construction work. In terms of OWAS, 95.4% are potentially harmful for all types of work. OWAS has the best sensitivity. In summary of the above, construction workers should be given adequate rest time, and there should be regular education and training for them. At construction work sites, there should be stringent use of safety equipment and tools. Machinery and with a high noise and vibration levels should be improved upon in order to avoid too much burden to the body.