從景觀生態格局與變遷探索台灣國家公園的永續規劃—以玉山國家公園為例

The Exploration of Sustainable Planning of Taiwan National Park from Landscape Ecological Pattern and Change – Study of Yushan National Park

周鶴樹(Ho-Shu Chou)

指導教授 ： 陳其澎

中原大學/設計學院/設計學博士學位學程/博士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201000525

摘要

台灣自然環境孕育多變景觀與多樣生態，國家公園保護著這些生態命脈，然在人類干擾下，其生態發展是否逐漸失衡？是否有修補機會？其次，環境規劃歷經工業革命與石油危機等重大改變，典範移轉以因應人類對資源的觀念調整。隨著「永續發展」思潮興起，環境規劃宜審慎因應人類對資源的嶄新觀念與適宜技術之需求。
本論文從台灣國家公園的環境發展與景觀格局變遷的規劃策略著手，朝向「景觀格局與變遷的意涵解析」及「景觀生態的空間規劃可能性」發展，並作為永續發展的可能模式之一。核心研究目標是：應用景觀生態學理、空間分析技術與地理資訊系統，解析玉山國家公園的景觀生態紋理與動態，以發展台灣國家公園的永續規劃理論。
台灣國家公園環境永續的核心課題為適地性、破碎性與可執行性，永續規劃必須能因應自然與人文景觀系統的動態平衡，呈現複雜、動態、穩定內涵，達成“建立人地的永續關係”及“維持自然的永續發展”之永續價值。因此，玉山國家公園的永續規劃實證，係以永續機制分析及永續模擬與評估，做為規劃核心。永續機制分析作為分析主軸，係瞭解環境變遷本質與趨勢。永續模擬與評估做為規劃主軸，係評估環境變遷狀態與發展。
研究結果顯示，玉山國家公園的永續機制分析建議對冷杉、鐵杉、雲杉、檜木、玉山箭竹、高山芒等植群採取人類活動的區隔、管制、隔絕等措施。對高、中、低海拔松類、闊葉林等植群在環境監控措施下，規劃為活動替代區域、路線等措施。永續模擬與評估指認出移轉率升高、植群往上拓展兩種趨勢，其中，移轉機率應可作為永續的指認指標之一，若各植群的景觀移轉情況能趨於穩定，應是永續性的適當詮釋與永續方案建議。
研究中發現，台灣永續發展本質是多樣性、特性是動態平衡、策略是時空尺度安排，永續規劃對策是環境紋理、模式是複雜系統、成果是動態平衡、實現遠景是人地關係。而玉山國家公園森林生態系統的破碎、多樣、動態與複雜環境特性本就是其永續的表達，永續規劃係讓其環境發展，儘量回歸其自然趨勢的表達；同時，讓民眾親身感受環境變遷的影響與自然保育的重要。至於台灣高山環境之永續架構，惟有減弱人類的干擾程度，將敏感、脆弱的高山環境，規劃為國土保安區域，禁止人類的長時間活動，而僅提供短時間的遊憩、教育等活動，讓高山環境休養生息，以保留、創造未來世代的高山生態環境面貌。
最後，研究結論是玉山國家公園的景觀格局與變遷不利永續、永續發展具空間結構韻律，水平空間結構分析的規劃策略，及人類須提出具永續性的規劃方案，具體達成建立永續規劃的研究目的。後續研究建議景觀格局的永續特性、相關因子與變遷趨動力的關係，及景觀格局與變遷的空間閾值等相關研究。

關鍵字

永續規劃 ； 永續發展 ； 景觀格局與變遷 ； 玉山國家公園 ； 動態平衡

並列摘要

Taiwan's natural environment has diverse landscape and ecology. The national park protects it. But under the disturbance from human, the development of its ecosystem is out of whack? Are there any opportunities to fix it? Secondly, after the oil crisis and industrial revolution, environment planning paradigm shifted to change the concept adjustment of environment resource. Following the "sustainable development" trend, environmental planning should carefully response to the new concepts and appropriate technology demands of environment resources for human.
This paper studies from the planning strategies of environment development and landscape pattern changes in Taiwan’s National Park, towards the development of "the meaning of landscape pattern analysis and change" and "the possibility of spatial planning of landscape ecology", to be a possible model for sustainable development. The core research objective is: applying landscape ecology, spatial analysis and geographic information system, deconstruction the landscape texture and dynamics of Yushan National Park, to develop the sustainable planning theory of Taiwan's national parks.
The core issue of environment sustainability in Taiwan’s National Parks is suitability, fragmentation and enforceability. The sustainable planning must be able to response the dynamic equilibrium of natural and human landscape, and express the environment content of complex, dynamic, and stable, to reach the sustainable value of "establishing the relationship of human and earth" and "maintaining the sustainable development of nature". Therefore, the sustainable planning practice of Yushan National Park uses the sustainable mechanism analysis, simulation and assessment as the planning core. The sustainable mechanism analysis as the analysis axis of sustainable planning, understands the nature and trends of environmental changes. The sustainable simulation and evaluation as the planning axis is assessing the state and development of environment changes.
The study result shows that the sustainable mechanism analysis of Yushan National Park suggested the vegetation area of fir, hemlock, spruce, cypress, yushania, and silvergrass need to segment, control, and isolate the human activities. The vegetation area of high, medium and low elevation pine, and broadleaf forests could be planned for the activities of alternative regions and routes under the environment monitoring strategy. Then, the sustainable simulation and assessment is pointing out two trends of rising transfer rate and ascending of vegetation. The transfer probability could be identified as one of the indicators of sustainability, if the transfer rate of the vegetation’s landscape pattern can become stable, which should be the proper interpretation of sustainability and the recommendation of sustainable program.
Found in the Study, the essence of Taiwan's sustainable development is diversity, the characteristic is dynamic balance, the strategy is spatial and temporal scales arrangements, and the strategy of sustainable planning is environment texturing, the pattern is complex system, the result is dynamic balance, and the achieving vision is the relationship between human and earth. Furthermore, the fragmentation, diversity, dynamic and complex environment characteristic of Yushan National Park’s forest ecosystem is just the expression of its sustainability. The sustainable planning is allowed the environment development to return to the expression of the nature trend, and allowed people to experience the influence of environment change and the importance of nature conservation. Then, the sustainable framework of Taiwan's mountain environment is weakening human disturbance, planning the national conversation area for the sensitive and fragile mountain environment, prohibiting the long-term activities, but providing short-term recreational, educational activities, let the mountain environment be rehabilitating, reserving and creating the mountain eco-environment for future generations.
Finally, the study concluded that the landscape pattern and change of Yushan National Park is not conducive to sustainability, sustainable development has the rhythm of its spatial structure, the planning strategy of horizontal spatial structure analysis, and human must propose the planning project with sustainability, achieving the study object of establishment of sustainable planning. The further study could focus on the sustainable feature of landscape pattern, the relationship between relation factors and driving forces of landscape change, and the spatial threshold of landscape pattern and changes, etc related research.

並列關鍵字

sustainable planning ； sustainable development ； landscape pattern and change ； Yushan National Park ； dynamic equilibrium

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