旁觀者觀點對高社會焦慮之高中生在情節式未來思考上的影響

黃郁珊

doi:10.6840/CYCU.2012.00216、10.6840/cycu201200405

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旁觀者觀點對高社會焦慮之高中生在情節式未來思考上的影響

The Effects of the Observer Perspective in Episodic Future Thinking on Adolescents with Social Anxiety

黃郁珊 , Masters　　Advisor：洪福建　　

英文 DOI： 10.6840/CYCU.2012.00216、10.6840/cycu201200405

觀察者觀點；青少年；社會焦慮；情節式未來思考作業； Observer perspective ； Adolescents ； Episodic future thinking ； Social anxiety

Abstract │ Reference (69) │ Times Cited (1) │ Altmetrics

Abstract 〈TOP〉

Parallel Abstract 〈TOP〉

Objectives: Recently, evidence has suggested that social anxiety may be characterized by biases in autobiographical memory recall. Such biases include recalling social memories of anxiety-provoking social events relating to more self-referential information and from an observer perspective. However, few studies have examined whether high social anxiety during youth is associated with biases in episodic future thinking. Adolescence represents a critical stage for developing social anxiety, and therefore we focus on senior high school students as our participants. Previous studies have shown that highly socially anxious people tend to engage in anticipatory processing and worry about future events. Thus, following Clark and Wells’s (1995) model, Study 1 examined the phenomenological characteristics of social and neutral events in high- and low- anxiety participants in episodic future thinking. Study 2 further manipulated the instruction about taking an observer or field perspective to investigate the effects on anxiety and phenomenological characteristics in episodic future thinking tasks for social events.

Methods: Participants were senior high school students aged 15-18. In Study 1, high (n = 22) and low (n = 24) social anxiety participants completed episodic future thinking tasks for one social event and one neutral event. After that, they rated the phenomenological characteristics on Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (modified version for future condition) for each event. In Study 2, high (n = 21) and low (n = 20) social anxiety participants completed episodic future thinking tasks for one social event first and rated MCQ and mood measure. After that, they took a required perspective (observer or field) to imagining an episodic future thinking task for social events and rated MCQ and mood rating again.

Results: Results were consistent with the Clark and Wells’ (1995) model of social anxiety. Findings indicated that people with high social anxiety employed an observer perspective and tended to envision more negative when they imagined social events than when imagining neutral events. Moreover, people with high social anxiety had a bias to imagine more self-referential information for both social and neutral events. Also, after manipulation for adopting an observer perspective, the anxiety and phenomenological characteristics of the two groups during episodic future thinking tasks did not differ than the ratings before manipulation; after manipulation for adopting a field perspective, high and low social anxiety individuals both imagined significantly lower levels of anxiety, self-other biases, and more sensorial information about the events.

Conclusions: The studies revealed that individuals who are high in social anxiety have similar biases on phenomenological characteristics (e.g. taking an observer perspective for social event) not only when remembering the past but also when imagining the future. Moreover, after instructing high social anxiety individuals to form a field perspective for social events could temporarily decrease the levels of anxiety, but still rated more negative emotion. Study discussion, limitations and future directions were also addressed.

Reference ( 69 ) 〈TOP〉

梁記雯(2005)。高社交焦慮者的自傳式記憶特性—關於記憶清晰度的探討。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。[Liang, C. W. (2005). The Characteristics of Autobiographical Memory in High Social Anxiety: the Exploration of Memory Vividness. Master Thesis of National Chengchi University.]
連結：
劉惠青、葉在庭、黃惠君、劉珣瑛(2007)。某職業學校女學生常見精神疾病的盛行率。台灣精神醫學，21，218-224。[Liu, H. C., Yeh, Z. T., Huang, H. C., & Liu, S. L. (2007). The Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders in Female Students in a Vocational School. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 218-224.]
連結：
English Reference
連結：
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
連結：
Arnold, K. M., McDermott, K. B., & Szpunar, K. K. (2011). Imagining the near and far future: The role of location familiarity. Memory & Cognition, 20, 712-719.
連結：

Times Cited (1) 〈TOP〉

張承瑀(2017)。高社交焦慮者的解釋偏誤對未來思考的影響。中原大學心理學研究所學位論文。2017。1-122。

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