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  • 學位論文

現代漢語空間、時間和狀態的探討-以上、中、下為例

An Exploration Study of Spatial, Temporal and State in Modern Chinese: Using Shang, Zhong and Xia as an Illustrative Example

指導教授 : 鄧守信 博士
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摘要


本論文主要是從認知方面以「上」、「中」、「下」為例,探討現代漢語的空間、時間和狀態的關係。我們以李明懿(2000)的《現代漢語方位詞「上」的語義分析》為架構,先從現代漢語的空間方位著手討論「上」、「中」、「下」的語義,並以形象圖式呈現之。接著,試著以學者 Lakoff & Johnson(1980)和藍純(2005)對於隱喻和時間的關係,從座標橫軸和縱軸探討,為什麼我們說「上星期」是過去的時間、「下星期」是未來,即將到來的時間?在現代漢語的狀態方面,我們嘗試以「上」、「下」圖式來分析「上」是屬於公開、理想的狀態;「下」是屬於私密、較不理想的狀態。而「中」含有狀態的持續的意思。我們也藉由隱喻、轉喻來看中、英文裡的 “more is up, less is down”、“happy is up, sad is down”、“good is up, bad is down”還有“high status is up, low status is down” (Lakoff & Johnson,1980)。最後我們以鄧守信(2009)的教學語法架構為基準,提出語法點在教學上應注意到的排序、難易度和評定原則等。本論文也試著從《新實用視聽華語》(台灣)、《中文聽說讀寫》(美國)和《新實用漢語課本》(大陸)分析教材中對「上」、「中」、「下」的教學呈現方式。希望後續研究可朝這方面前進並能制定出應有的教學排序。

關鍵字

時間 空間 狀態 上中下 認知

並列摘要


This is an exploration study of spatial, temporal and state in modern Chinese, mainly in cognitive linguistic, shang, zhong and xia are the illustrative examples that we are using in this paper. Based on the structure of “A Semantic Study of Modern Chinese Localizer Shang” written by Li (2000), we further elaborate on the spatial meaning of shang, zhong and xia in Modern Chinese. As for the relationship between temporal and metaphor, we applied the theory of Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and Lan (2005), to probe into the horizontal and vertical axis, and explained why we are saying “last week” and “next week” as pass time and future time. We are also using the up (shang) and down (xia) to analyze the state in modern Chinese, as up (shang) is open state and ideal state compare to down (xia); meanwhile, zhong is continuous while it is in the state of modern Chinese. Besides, we also further elaborated the meaning of “more is up, less is down”, “happy is up, sad is down”, “good is up, bad is down” and “high status is up, low status is down” (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) in both English and modern Chinese. In this paper we collected and compared the way of presenting shang, zhong and xia from the text books, New Practical Audio-visual Chinese (Taiwan), Integrated Chinese (USA) and New Practical Chinese Reader (China). Lastly, we provide a complete framework using theoretical syntax, structural sequencing parameters and the principles of assessing syntactic difficultness outlined by Teng (2009), adopt the concept of Chinese pedagogical grammar and provides a proper and useful teaching method in shang, zhong and xia in the future.

並列關鍵字

Spatial Temporal State Shang, Zhong, Xia Cognition

參考文獻


黃宣範(1983)。語言哲學-意義與指涉理論的研究。台北:文鶴出版社。
黃宣範(1974)。語言學研究論叢。台北:黎明文化事業股份有限公司。
李明懿(2000)。現代漢語方位詞「上」的語義分析。台北:國立台灣師範大學碩士論文(未出版)。
張麗麗(2003)。動詞複合與象似性。Language and Linguistic,4(1):1-27。
Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago.

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