優秀女子選手跳遠動作生物力學分析

陳建勳

指導教授 ： 黃長福

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/體育學系在職進修碩士班/碩士(2005年)

摘要

摘 要
本研究主要目的在分析女子跳遠選手助跑、起跳與空中動作，以提供教練、選手訓練之參考。以三部每秒60張畫面的攝影機 (Sony)， 拍攝九十四年國際田徑邀請賽女子跳遠決賽八位選手為受試者(平均身高1.67cm、 體重56.8kg)，以Dempster (1955)14個肢段、21個關節點的人體模型，透過Kwon3D動作分析器對選手最佳比賽成績施以二度空間的影片分析，並以皮爾遜積差相關探討參數與成績之間關聯性，所獲得的結論如下：
一、女子選手受試者均以倒數最後一步步幅最小，其中在倒數第二步
步幅與成績達顯著相關。
二、助跑最後十公尺速度較文獻研究之優秀選手慢，顯示速度是影響
受試者成績主要因素之一。
三、在起跳垂直速度較小情況下，顯示受試者無法有效將肌肉彈性位
能轉換成垂直動能，導致起跳垂直效果不佳。
四、由髖膝踝關節角度變化，發現膝踝關節為主要緩衝垂直力量關節。
五、受試者在空中時間均與成績達顯著相關，延長空中時間將可提昇
成績表現。
六、支撐階段擺動腿角速度緩衝期均大於蹬伸期，其中受試者在緩衝
期與垂直速度及成績達高度相關意義。
七、受試者擺動腿擺動幅度與起跳腿髖關節達高度相關，較大的擺動
腿幅度將能夠提高起跳腿伸髖動作，增加起跳騰起角度。
建議增加選手腿部肌力、擺動速度、幅度訓練，以提高垂直速度及起跳角度。

關鍵詞:跳遠、擺動腿、角動量

關鍵字

跳遠

並列摘要

The Biomechanic Analysis of Long Jump Movement
for Female Long Jumpers
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze female long jumpers’ approach, take-off and flight motions.
Method: This study used three cameras with a speed of 60 frames per second (Sony) to record the jumpers’performance in the 2005 International Track and Field Competition. The jumpers’ performances were recorded by using Dempster’s (1955) model of 14-segments and 21-joint points, and the Kwon3D analysis software was used to analyze the data.
Results and Conclusions: The last three steps of female long-jumpers appeared to be of medium, large, and small stride, and in particular the stride of the last step is the smallest. The run-up speed is still a key factor that significantly influences the performance. With respect to the vertical velocity of take-off, due to insufficient strength of the take-off leg, the effect of take-off is dissatisfactory, and the vertical velocity is prone to be small. From the angle changes of the lower limbs, it is understood that the coxal joint is not the main joint that buffers the vertical velocity; rather, the knee and ankle joints are the main buffering joints. The air time of male and female athletes significantly correlated with their performances, which indicates that prolonging the air time would result in better results. The average angle velocity of the moving leg is greater in the buffer phase than in the push-off phase. A greater angle velocity of the moving leg can shorten the time of the braking stage during the buffer phase; therefore, the loss of horizontal velocity would be decreased. The angle of female athletes’two legs significantly correlated with the vertical velocity during the butter phase. The vertical velocity can be improved by widening the angle of the moving leg.
Suggestion： It is suggested that athletes increase their training in their leg muscles and moving limbs’ degree and velocity in order to better their vertical velocity and hopping angle.

Key words: long jump, free leg, angular momentum.

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