臺灣諮商輔導人員在學習諮商過程中文化議題的衝擊與統整

Cultural Shock and Integration During Counseling Learning Process :Taiwan Counselors' Experiences

洪莉竹(Lee - Chu Hung)

指導教授 ： 陳秉華博士

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育心理與輔導學系/博士(1999年)

摘要

臺灣諮商輔導人員在學習諮商過程中文化議題的衝擊與統整
中 文 摘 要
本研究的目的為：1.探討諮商輔導之理論觀點及專業工作情境中會引發衝擊的文化議題；2.探討諮商輔導人員在學習諮商的過程中對衝擊經驗所做的思考和反省；3.探討諮商輔導人員在學習諮商的過程中不同文化觀點的統整經驗；4.依據諮商輔導人員在學習諮商過程中的文化衝擊與統整經驗，對臺灣諮商輔導人員的教育、訓練方式提出具體建議。
本研究邀請十二位國內的諮商輔導人員作為受訪者，進行半結構式的深度訪談，並採用紮根理論研究法對訪談資料進行分析。研究結果與討論分為五個部份敘述：
首先，綜合來看本研究的受訪者在學習諮商過程所習得的觀點與在生活環境所習得的觀點，在人性觀、人我觀、自我觀、諮商觀各方面都有明顯的差異，這些不同觀點的背後反映的是不同文化的信念價值體系。
其次，本研究的受訪者在學習理論的過程，將所習得的理論知識運用在專業工作情境與生活情境時，都曾經經歷衝擊。本研究受訪者對於衝擊經驗的描述有：質疑與批評、震驚與學習、落差與懷疑、挑戰與衝突等幾種類型。
引發衝擊的議題分別從人性觀、人我觀、自我觀、諮商觀與文化觀等五方面來探討。衝擊的經驗反映了不同文化信念之間的差異；這些衝擊經驗引發的痛苦與不安對諮商輔導人員的學習與工作造成影響，多數諮商輔導人員在衝擊經驗中開始思考某些理論觀點與真實情境的落差，根據現實環境的狀況，調整自己的觀點和作法。
第三，本研究的受訪者經驗衝擊後所採取的思考或行動策略有四類：1.研讀書籍和再學習；2.與他人討論與向他人學習；3.探索思考引發衝擊的現象；4.整理個人的生命經驗與澄清個人的價值觀。
針對本研究受訪者對於引發衝擊議題的反思情形加以綜合之後發現，與個人思考與判斷較有關係的議題，受到個體自我控制的程度較大，遭受到的衝擊較小，可以選擇保有從諮商中學習而來的觀點，向不同文化的價值信念學習。某些議題牽涉到社會環境的層面較多，個體必須正視文化價值觀對人的影響，對於原有環境的信念系統有較多的關注與尊重，調整從諮商專業學來的觀點和態度。
第四，從本研究受訪者的統整經驗反映了的諮商輔導人員文化衝擊與統整歷程中幾個重要的現象：
1. 文化衝擊的經驗有助於個體增加對自我文化價值觀的意識與了解。
2. 在學習諮商的初期諮商輔導人員會認同自己所學習到的觀點並加以運用。
3. 全盤運用諮商理論概念或習自於國外的觀點經歷到無法解決問題的困境。
4. 諮商輔導人員經歷挫折之後開始區辨不同的信念與經驗，調整個人的觀點與作法。
5. 藉由不同文化觀點的整合發展個人的諮商理論觀點。
第五，諮商輔導人員文化衝擊與統整的經驗對諮商輔導人員教育方式的啟發有：
1. 要重視基本態度與技巧的養成和培養學習專業理論的開放態度。
2. 要增加諮商輔導人員的文化意識與反省能力。
3. 本研究對於現有專業訓練的進行方式加以反省；同時提出培養諮商輔導人員文化意識與文化反省能力的課程設計。
4. 其他的重要議題，包括：重視諮商輔導人員在學習諮商過程的挫折或疑惑經驗；鼓勵諮商輔導人員拓展個人的學習經驗和生活體驗；重視督導在諮商輔導人員專業與文化統整歷程的重要性。
根據本研究的結果與討論，研究者提出對諮商輔導人員，對諮商輔導人員培育機構的建議，並對未來的研究提出建議。

關鍵字

諮商輔導人員 ； 諮商員專業發展 ； 文化議題 ； 文化衝擊 ； 文化統整 ； 多元文化諮商

並列摘要

Cultural Shock and Integration During Counseling Learning Process :Taiwan Counselors* Experiences
Lee - Chu Hung
Abstract
The purposes of this research are as followings: to review the theoretical perspectives of counseling and discuss the cultural issues that may induce shock in professional working contexts; to explore the counselors* thinking and reflection on their shock experiences during counseling learning process; to study the counselors* experiences of integrating different cultural viewpoints during counseling learning process; and then based on the above findings , to propose education and training strategies of Taiwan counselors.
Twelve Taiwan counselors were invited as interviewees of this research , and had semi-structured deep interviews, data collection and analysis were offered by the approach of grounded theory. The results and discussions of the research are as followings:
First, to compare the counselors* different viewpoints got from learning counseling process and from life environment . There are significant differences of this two kinds of viewpoints in humanity, people relationship, self, counseling. In fact, the differences of two kinds of viewpoints are the reflection on different culture systems.
Second, the cultural shock occurred when the interviewees learned counseling theories, applied theories to professional working contexts, and applied learned concepts and skills to life context. The cultural shock experiences described by interviewees are question, criticism, shock, doubt, challenge and conflict.
The issues provoking shock could be discussed in humanity, people relationship, counseling, and culture. These shock happened in many individual events and reflected the differences of different cultural beliefs. The anxiety and pain caused by the shock influenced the learning and works of counselors, and made the counselors to start to adjust their thinking and working ways according to the real situation and the gap between theory and reality.
Third, four types of actions would be taken: 1.to study and relearn; 2.to discuss with other people or learn from other people; 3.to explore and think the phenomena provoking shock; 4.to make personal life experience and value viewpoint more clear.
This research found the issue more related to self-judge would get more self-control of individual and cause less cultural shock. Counselors would keep more points learned from counseling and value belief from different cultures. Whereas other issues were more related to social environment, counselors would accept and respect original social belief instead of applying professional counseling theories which could possibly bring more pressure and conflicts.
Fourth, there are some major points in the integration experience of these interviewees:
(1) The experiences of cultural shock can promote the counselors to understand the value of their own culture.
(2) Counselors would recognize the viewpoints learned from the first stage of counseling and apply these viewpoints.
(3) When the counselors apply counseling theories or some foreign viewpoints only, some problems could not be solved.
(4) The counselors start to category different belief and experiences, then adjust personal viewpoints after frustration.
(5) Develop personal counseling theories by integration of different cultural viewpoints.
Fifth, based on the above finding , to propose education program and training strategies of Taiwan counselors.
(1) Basic attitudes and skills should be emphasized, and professional theories should be kept up with.
(2) Cultural senses and think ability should be strengthened.
(3) This research examines the existent training programs and proposes a new curriculum design which emphasizes cultural senses and think ability of counselors.
(4) Other important issues, such as: emphasis of the frustration or puzzles of counselors during the counseling process; encouragement of the counselors to expand personal learning and life experiences; emphasis of the importance of supervision on cultural integration process.
Based on the results and discussions of this research, suggestions are proposed to the counselors and the overall education of counselors. The future research direction are also pointed out.

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