印尼籍女性家事移工生命歷程及被害經驗

Life Course and Victimization Experience Among Indonesia Female Migrant Workers

葉施惠(YAP TZE HUI)

指導教授 ： 黃蘭媖

國立臺北大學/社會科學學院/犯罪學研究所/碩士(2016年)

摘要

家事移工因於招聘機構或工作場域遭受人口販運所指稱之剝削形式而很可能成爲人口販運之被害人。臺灣於2009年1月訂定人口販運防治法，已將此族群列為人口販運被害人的高風險族群，移民署也從管制代之以保護和輔導對象，但馬來西亞似乎尚未有相關政策轉折。因此，本研究透過深入訪談瞭解在不同政策制度下被害人受害歷程之異同，以及現代全球化之奴役制度中，被害現象之現況與趨勢。
本研究將生命歷程分割為：招募前階段、招募階段、招募後離境前階段、到達目的國之後入住雇主住宅前階段、入住雇主住宅後被害階段，試圖在時間軸上研究個人生命軌跡與轉折點，分析比較家事移工在原生國的生存處境在其移民之後的被害歷程所扮演的角色。再應用被害者學理論討論此族群被害經驗之潛在變因，期望藉此發現重複被害以及影響生命歷程正、負向轉折的可能解釋因素以及中止被害的可能因素。
本研究先蒐集國內外文獻，採立意取樣方式選取樣本，以面訪、通訊網路或信件往返之方式進行訪談，詢問3名在馬來西亞、2名在台灣被剝削的印尼籍女家事移工，在不同階段重複或持續遭受跨類型的一連串被害生涯。被害現象的共同脈絡，大致支持「習得無助論」、「個人被害因素」、「被害經驗」、「斯德哥爾摩症候群」、「日常活動理論」之各種觀點所衍生的假設。研究發現如下：
一、受訪者跨國工作為了養家以及脫離傳統角色束縛。
二、受訪者在入境工作手續過程中普遍遭受欺騙與隱瞞資訊。
三、受訪者的經驗普遍符合非自願性勞務工作的定義。
四、大多數的被害人並無接受到系統的協助與脫離被害處境。被害之核心因素是來自個人被害特質與被害環境風險。受訪者之社會鍵品質越強，具被害特質之個人越不受被害環境風險的影響
五、原生家庭背景與親密依附程度是脫離被害歷程的關鍵。
六、負向轉折點都結合了個人被害特質與被害環境風險，促使生命軌跡朝負向發展。
七、重大生命事件可透過自主行動選擇扭轉生涯走向。
八、慢性被害者之被害起始點越早，持續被害的歷程則越長。
本研究在探討被害者的方法上，對現存文獻之具體貢獻有三點：
一、單獨探索印尼國別、女性、家事移工被害族群之生命歷程。
二、合併生命歷程觀點與被害者學理論，擴展檢視整體犯罪現象之視角。
三、以被害者的視角貫穿跨國前、後關聯之生命故事。

關鍵字

生命歷程 ； 重複被害 ； 人口販運高風險族群 ； 被害者學

並列摘要

An immigrant servant can be exploited by the recruitment agency or the employer and become a victim of human trafficking. In Taiwan, the Human Trafficking Prevention and Control Act (HTPCA) enacted in January, 2009 defines immigrant servants as a high-risk group subject to human trafficking, and the Department of Immigration has taken measures to protect and counsel rather controlled and counseling objects instead protected objects, but Malaysia does not yet appear relevant policy transition. Therefore, this study through depth interviews to understand a victim under different policy regimes victims course of differences and similarities, and slavery of modern globalization, mainly aims to explore the current situation and trend of the phenomenon of victimization.
By way of using a life history perspective, the life course is divided into the following stages: the pre-recruitment stage, the recruitment stage, the post-recruitment stage before departure, the stage before moving into the employer’s residence in the destination country, and the victimized stage in the employer’s residence. Attempts have been made to study the personal life trajectories and turning points in the timeline, analyze and compare the roles played by Indonesia female migrant workers in life courses of victims from nationals in their own countries to victimized immigrants, and search for the relevance there between. The victim theory was then applied to discuss potential variables related to repeat victimization of immigrant servants in a hope to find out the possible explanatory factors that may influence the development of life course turn toward positive or negative, find out the possible factors to discontinue such victimization. Additionally, the current immigrant servant policy and policies against human trafficking were reviewed.
The researcher collected relevant literature at first, and then used purposive sampling to gather samples. Interviews with the interviewees were conducted in person, online or via. The interviewees include three Indonesian immigrant servants in Malaysia and two Indonesian immigrant servants in Taiwan who suffered repeated or continuous exploitation at different stages of their life courses.
The findings from interviewees:
1. The purposes of transnational working are to support family and getting out of the binding of traditional roles.
2. Interviewees generally suffer deception and information concealment in the process of immigration.
3. Interviewees experiences are universal and consistent with the definition of involuntary labor work
4. Most of the victims do not receive systematic assistance, and remain struggling in plight of victim. Individual traits and environmental risks are the main factors that lead to victimization. The stronger the social bond of interviewees, the less likely they would be affected by environmental risks.
5. Original family background and intimate dependency, are the keys of breaking out from victim life course.
6. Personal traits and environmental risks are the drivers to develop the life trajectory into negative direction.
7. Major life events can reverse the tendency of life through autonomous act in selection.
8. The earlier staring point of chronic victimization, the longer will the victims be engaged in the sustaining life course of victimization.
There are three contributions to the existing literature. First, specific investigation on the victimization experience of Indonesia female migrant workers. Second, merging the life course perspective and the victim theory, expands the whole view of criminal phenomena. Third, standing on victims' perspective, penetrate the before and after life story of transnational workers.

並列關鍵字

Life course ； Personal Victimization ； traumatic experience ； Routine Activity Theory ； Stockholm Syndrome

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