人類的日常活動和經濟發展引發了兩大現象,一是導因於大量使用化石燃料所導致的全球暖化與氣候變遷等相關議題,另一個則是因居住地集中引起的都市化議題。這兩大議題,不僅是人類面臨的重大挑戰,攸關人類未來的存續,且互為相關。 氣候變遷與都市化這兩大挑戰的處理空間交會於都市,顯見都市對於人類的未來發展扮演關鍵性的角色。本論文以評估台灣之都市永續性為出發點,首先建構都市永續性之評估架構,評估台灣22縣市的整體及分項投入產出效率,並分析產業結構與投入產出效率之關連性。其次,由於全球暖化為各國所關心的重要議題,故本論文進一步分析亞太經濟合作會議(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC)各經濟體的能源使用效率與二氧化碳排放效率,除藉此比較台灣相對於其他國家的績效表現外,亦希望藉由分析影響能源效率與排放效率的因素,找出台灣對國際社會的貢獻立基。最後則應用物質流分析資料,評估各會員國的資源使用效率,並進一步與人類發展指數(Human Development Index, HDI)互相比較,以了解資源使用效率與社會永續性之關係。 研究分析結果顯示,台灣的用電效率與用水效率表現最差,而垃圾污染控制效率表現最佳,產業結構對於資源使用效率與污染防治效率極有影響。APEC會員國在1992-2011年間平均能源效率與排放效率不斷提升,然而不同收入國家群體之趨勢不盡相同。高收入及中高收入國家的能源效率與排放效率呈現提升趨勢,但中低收入國家則呈現逐漸惡化之趨勢能源。台灣在APEC國家的相對能源使用效率與排放效率之績效表現頗佳,然而卻與中低收入國家之趨勢相同。以整體資源使用效率而言,表現最佳的國家主要為高收入之先進國家,且整體資源使用效率與人類發展指數呈現正相關性。
Human activities and economic development led to two major phenomena. One is global warming and climate change related issues due to the extensive use of fossil fuels. The other is the concentration of human settlements in urban areas which is known as urbanization. These two human induced challenges are intertwined and they are important to the future of our planet. Urbanization and the effects of climate change converge in urban areas, indicating that cities are fundamental for sustainable development. This thesis assesses the urban sustainability of Taiwan. An urban sustainability assessment framework is first established to evaluate the aggregate and disaggregate input–output (urban metabolism) efficiency of Taiwan’s 22 administrative regions. Subsequently, this thesis explores the relationship between input–output efficiency and industrial structure. Because global warming is a critical concern for countries worldwide, this thesis analyzes the energy and CO2 emission efficiencies of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies over time, and identifies the influential factors of energy and emission efficiencies. By comparing Taiwanese energy and emission performance with that of other APEC economies, Taiwan can improve its performance and contribute positively to international society. This thesis further uses a material flow analysis to evaluate the resource efficiency of APEC economies and compares these results with the Human Development Index (HDI) to determine the relationship between resource efficiency and human development. The research analysis revealed that Taiwanese electricity and water efficiencies are the worst, whereas its garbage pollution control efficiency is the best in respect to Taiwanese urban metabolism performance. Industrial structure strongly influences resource efficiency and pollution control efficiency. The average energy and emission efficiencies for APEC economies have been increasing from 1992 to 2011. However, the trends of energy and emission efficiencies were determined to be different for different income groups during the research period. The energy and emission efficiencies have increased for high and upper-middle income groups, whereas they have decreased for lower-middle income groups. Taiwan performs relatively well among APEC economies, but its energy and emission efficiencies have deteriorated along with those of other lower-middle income countries. Regarding resource efficiency, the highest performers among the APEC economies are primarily developed countries with a high income. The findings revealed a highly positive relationship between resource efficiency and the position on the HDI.
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