社會企業運作方式及可行性分析—以台北市庇護工場為例

A STUDY OF OPERATION AND FEASIBILITY ON SOCIAL ENTERPRISE- A CASE OF SHELTERED WORKSHOP IN TAIPEI

郭亞陵(Ya-Ling Kuo)

指導教授 ： 陳金貴

國立臺北大學/公共事務學院/公共行政暨政策學系/碩士(2008年)

摘要

庇護工場的最終目的就是讓身心障礙者可以順利進入一般競爭性的就業市場，不會因為先天能力的不足而失去工作的權力，因此，庇護工場應可算是一個提供身心障礙者工作適應和能力訓練的過渡場所，一旦被庇護的就業者工作能力提升後，就應該將這些庇護就業者轉介予適當的就業服務單位，協助其進入支持性或更甚至是競爭性的就業市場。然而現在台灣的庇護工場卻演變成庇護工場不再是一個過渡的訓練場所，而是安置中、重度身心障礙者的永久工作場所，至於庇護工場本身也因成本和效益的不平衡，再加上身心障礙者權益保障法施行後庇護工場的學員享有一般僱傭關係的權利和義務，如此一來將會使庇護工場的財務負擔加劇而面臨到永續經營的困境。
由於庇護工場本身具有企業營利和社會福利的雙重角色，因此當庇護工場原本所欲達成的目標受到挑戰時，是否可以考慮將庇護工場的角色重新定位，除了是個提供工作適應、能力培養的過渡場所之外，還可以導入企業化經營提高其生產效能，一方面讓這些庇護就業者適應工作環境、學習工作能力，一方面也提供非營利組織一個固定的經費來源。
本篇論文擬藉由文獻的探討來了解國內外庇護工場的現況和相關理論，透過深度訪談及觀察國內庇護工場，尤其是在各縣市推動身心障礙就業的主要財源—身心障礙者就業基金裡，歷年來餘額及支出數目最高的台北市實際情形，並且同時參考歐美國家社會企業之相關作法，期望能在相關資料分析、理論及實務的對照之後，提供台灣庇護工場一個全新的觀念。
本研究發現，新的身心障礙者權益保障法通過之後，對庇護工場造成的影響有：1、統一交由勞政機構管理；2、經營者和個案之間為僱傭關係，必須遵守勞動基準法的相關規定；3、開始自負盈虧，定位不再模糊不清；4、新舊法銜接過渡期，相關規定尚未臻完整。而庇護工場目前經營所面臨的困境有：1、人事成本居高不下；2、新法適應不良；3、缺乏經營實務的相關經驗與人才。之後探討庇護工場轉型為社會企業所必須具備的要素為：1、以企業家的精神來從事社會公益行動；2、為了最終的社會目的而從事營利事業；3、長期經營；4、至少半數的收入是來自於交易而非政府補助或捐款；5、同時考慮經濟、社會和環境目標。最後根據政府、企業、非營利組織和合作社特色的不同，探討不同模式社會企業的可行性及注意事項，並且向政府、庇護工場本身及企業提出具體的建議和作法。

關鍵字

社會企業 ； 庇護工場 ； 身心障礙者

並列摘要

In order to let disability work in competitive employment market and won’t lose it right of working because of its disability, so sheltered workshop could be a transition place that provides disability a work adaptation and skill training opportunity. When these sheltered workers’ professional skill grow up, they should be transfer to suitable employment service unit and assists they to enter the supported or competitive employment market. However the present sheltered workshops in Taiwan become a long working place that place aggravated disability and no longer a transition training place. Because the cost and the benefit are not balanced, and sheltered workers have the right and duty of employment, sheltered workshop will face the difficulty of finance and management.
Because sheltered workshop has the enterprise and welfare dual role, therefore when its goal gets the challenge, we could think about its new position. Sheltered workshop could be a work adapting and skill training transitional place, and also could be managed in commercial way to enhance its productive efficiency. So we could make these sheltered workers adapt working environment, on the other hand also provide non- profit organization a fixed funds origin.
This paper would like to understand the present situation and theories of sheltered workshop by the literature. Through the interview and observation of sheltered workshops in Taipei which its cost and surplusage number of disability employment is the highest, and refers to the method of European and American countries society enterprise. After compared with data, theories and experience, we expect could provide sheltered workshop in Taiwan a brand-new idea.
This research discovery, after the new law announced, it influence the sheltered workshop: (1) governed by labor department; (2) the sheltered workers become the employees and they must obey the common law of labors; (3) assume responsibility for own profits and cost, and have the absolute position; (4) this is the transition-period so the rule and the policy are not very complete. But sheltered workshop still has difficulties to overcome: (1) the personnel cost is still very high: (2) could not adapt the new law very well; (3) lacks the experience and professor of social enterprise management. So we think if sheltered workshop would transfer to social enterprise, it must include the factor bellowed: (1) is engaged in the social public welfare motion by entrepreneur's spirit; (2) to make a profit for the final social goal; (3) long-term management; (4) at least half number of income are come from commercial trade; (5) consider the economy, society and environment triple goal. Finally, we according to the different characteristic of government, enterprise, non-profit organization and cooperation, discuss the feasibility and attention of different type of social enterprise, and advance to government, sheltered workshop and enterprise.

並列關鍵字

social enterprise ； sheltered workshop ； disability

參考文獻

林宏熾(2003)，＜身心障礙者庇護工場的涵義與發展＞，《身心障礙者生涯規劃與轉銜教育》。台北：五南。

陳定銘(2007)，《非營利組織、政府與社會企業-理論與實踐》。台北：智勝文化。

陳家玄(2006)，《智能障礙者之就業服務接受狀況與就業穩定之探討》，靜宜大學青少年兒童福利學系碩士論文。

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Laurent, V. (1998), Sheltered employment for persons with disabilities, International Labor Review, 134(1):132-134.