清代臺灣的社學與義學

The Community Schools and Free Private schools in Taiwan During Ching Dynasty (1683~1595)

葉憲峻(Hsien-Chun Yeh)

《臺中師院學報》 18卷2期 (2004/12) Pp. 45-69

https://doi.org/10.7037/JNTTC.200412.0045

摘要

清代康熙年間於臺灣創設的28所「漢莊社學」，在雍正初年銳減，甚至在道光以後即逐漸停廢。各縣、廳所設立的少數「義學」，也在乾隆以後陸續擴建為書院。由臺灣至少有卅所書院招收童生，提供基礎教育來看，書院有取代社學與義學發展的現象。而平埔族原住民地區的「土番社學」，因為政府積極漢化原住民，在雍正末年以後即擴大設置47所。部份平埔族部落，也相繼願以部分公租口糧穀(番租)作為社學費用，乃使土番社學得以正常運作與延續。在光緒三年(1877年)即有原住民學童正式被取為儒學生員(秀才)。總之，康熙朝(1683~1722年)為漢莊社學基礎建置階段；雍正朝(1723~1735年)為土番社學擴展時期；乾隆朝(1736~1795年)為義學發展為書院的創始；同治朝(1862~1874年)為涉外事件促使清廷積極治理臺灣，進而導致積極辦理臺灣教育的年代。

關鍵字

社學 ； 義學

並列摘要

A total of 28 ”community schools of Han village” were instituted in Taiwan during the reign of Emperor Kang Hsi (1683 AD 1722 AD), but, unfortunately, were declined sharply in the early years under the reign of Emperor Yung Cheng (1723 AD 1735 AD) and even had been suspended gradually after the reign of Emperor Tao Kuang (1821 AD 1850 AD). Meanwhile, few free private schools established by each county and canton were also expanded as academies after the reign of Emperor Chien Lung (1736 AD 1795 AD). In terms of basic education given to child students enrolled by at least 30 academies in Taiwan, there appeared a phenomenon of a replacement of the community schools and free private schools with academies. With regarding to the ”community schools of aborigines” in aboriginal areas in which people of Pingpu tribe resided, they were expanded to a total of 47 ones after the later years under the reign of Emperor Yung Cheng as a result of the ”sinicization” practiced by Ching government that made those aborigines sinicized. Even people of some Pingpu tribes were also willing to pay for tuition by part of their government-leased grain rations (aboriginal leasing) that further helped a normal operation and extension for those community schools of aborigines. Subsequently, there were aboriginal kids enrolled as students (hsiu tsai) of Confucian schools in the 3rd year in the reign of Emperor Kuang Hsu (1877 AD).
In a word, period in the reign of Emperor Kang Hsi (1683 AD ~ 1722 AD) was a phase of basic framework for community schools of Han village; period in the reign of Emperor Yung Cheng (1723 AD 1735 AD) was a phase of expansion for aborigines of community schools; period in the reign of Emperor Chien Lung (1736 AD 1795 AD) was a phase of initiation for Confucian schools developed into academies; the reign of Emperor Tung Chih (1862 AD 1874 AD) was an era of foreign events that urged the Ching court to manage an active rule over Taiwan and thus further resulted in an effective handling of Taiwan's education.

並列關鍵字

community schools ； free private schools

參考文獻

丁紹儀清(1957)。東瀛識略。台北市:臺灣銀行經濟研究室。

六十七清(1961)。使署閒情。台北市:臺灣銀行經濟研究室。

王必昌清(1961)。重修臺灣縣志。台北市:臺灣銀行經濟研究室。

王瑛曾清(1961)。重修鳳山縣志。台北市:臺灣銀行經濟研究室。

不著撰人清(1994)。清季申報臺灣紀事輯錄。南投市:臺灣省文獻委員會。