中國古代的各種青銅（一）

The Nature of Ancient Chinese Copper Alloys (一)

錢憲和(Hsien-Ho Tsien) ； 余炳盛(Bing-Sheng Yu) ； 方建能(Jiann-Neng Fang) ； 譚立平(Li-Ping Tan)

《國立臺灣博物館學刊》 58卷1期 (2005/06) Pp. 1-24

摘要

現今的銅合金有錫青銅、鉛錫青銅、錫錚青銅、鉛青銅、鎳青銅、黃銅、鉛黃銅、複雜黃銅等等，種類極多。我們在分析不同的中國古青銅器時， 發現有很多器物的成分與現代的複雜黃銅相似。有些還是錚、加上少量銅的合金，再加上前人的分析資料，說明中國古代的青銅種類也是複雜的，有錫青銅、錫鉛青銅、鎳青銅、複雜黃銅及鉛器、錚銅合金等等。複雜黃銅是現今製作經濟、特性優良的銅合金，是銅鋒與少量的鉛錫合金。中國早在6700年前的新石器時代就有這種合金，類似的配方在商代到漢代都有應用，這一事實的發現意義是重大的，說明7600年前的冶金配方技術已極為成熟。我們同時發現商周時代各地青銅器的配方極不相同，這可能是各地的地質條件不同，所以銅礦床的類別就不同，因此各地的冶金術士就應用不同的原料，鍊出不同的銅合金。

關鍵字

青銅 ； 黃銅 ； 複雜黃銅 ； 銅合金 ； 古代銅合金 ； 現代銅合金 ； 古代青銅

並列摘要

Now-a-days, bronze is a generic term for a family of copper alloys in which the principal alloying element is not zinc (which forms brasses). The term is used not by itself but with a modifying adjective to re veal it s basic composition, e.g. copper-tin bronzes, leaded bronzes, phosphor bronzes, cupro-aluminums, cupro-nickels etc. For chinese ancient copper alloys, the term qingtong or chinese bronze is used. Chinese qingtong or ＂bronzes＂ are generally considered as copper alloys in which the principal alloying elememts are only tin (bronzes) and/or lead and tin (leaded bronzes). However, by our detailed analyses of their composition, we understand that apart from tin and lead, most qingtong contain important amounts of zinc but they are not brass. In this case, their alloying elements are very similar with todays' complex brasses (Tab. 2). We understand also that chinese copper alloys can be tin (bronzes) , lead and tin (leaded bronzes ), tin , zinc and lead (chrysocales ), zinc, lead, tin and other minor elements (compex brasses) etc. Therefore, chinese qingtong artifacts are not only bronze artifacts; they can be made of copper containing several percent of quite different alloying elements and therefore, can be bronzes, leaded bronzes , complex brasses and even lead alloys and zinc alloys. Copper alloys containing zinc, lead and tin (complex brasses) were among the first alloys developed by ancient metalworkers in China more than 6700 years ago. The copper alloys vary greatly in different region s of ancient China. This is because copper mineral deposits differ, and as aconsequence, metalworkers used uniquee raw material s to make different copper alloys in the various regions.

並列關鍵字

qingtong ； Chinese bronze ； brass ； complex ； ancient copper alloys ； morden bronzes ； ancient bronzes