台灣客家地區姑婆祖先崇拜之初探

本研究紀要主要是針對台灣南、北客家地區，設有姑婆牌位或姑婆入祖牌、入祖塔（家塚）之宗族為訪查對象，以口述訪談以及參與觀察為研究方法，探究客家宗族設置姑婆牌位或姑婆入祖牌、入祖塔（家塚）的現象，並藉以補充過去漢人社會神、鬼、祖先崇拜學術研究脈絡，對於研究資料相對闕如之「未婚、早夭或離婚女性身後事、祭祀禮俗」等領域，進行第一手田野紀實及初探性研究。依照過去漢人社會文化研究累積的豐厚成果，漢人社會面對未婚、早夭的女性，都是將其骨灰送至佛寺或齋堂、或是採冥婚、建立姑娘廟，就是不能回至原生家庭的公廳或祖塔成為祖先。但在此次田野調查發現，早在二、三十年前，台灣已有客家宗族為了早期或過往未婚早夭或離婚女性，以及思慮當代未婚或離婚女兒，推動在自家公廳或祖堂設置姑婆牌位或推動入祖牌、入祖塔（家塚）的案例，顯見逐漸打破「神桌不能奉祀姑婆」的傳統祭祀觀念，形成具有獨特又多樣的姑婆祖先崇拜模式，為過去未婚早夭的女性提供另一個受後代祭祀的途徑，也顯見近二、三十年的客家宗族社會已跳脫傳統性別觀念，逐漸推動祭祀平權，讓姑婆回家。最後，由台灣南、北客家地區之姑婆入祀宗祠或祖塔（家塚）的個案，提出未來可持續觀察或研究之方向。

關鍵字

客家宗族；客家女性；祖塔；祖先牌位

並列摘要

The article focuses on the north and south of Taiwan Hakka society mainly, to explore the Hakka women of unmarried and dead early entered the ancestral tablet and ancestral tomb by interview and participation observation. To expand of the academic research on the folk beliefs of social gods, ghosts, and ancestors of the Han society. According to the studies of Han society's folk beliefs, dealing with unmarried and early-deceased Hakka women in the clan involved sending them to Buddhist temples or building temples. In other words, they could not return to the original ancestral hall to become ancestors. However, as early as 20 or 30 years ago, the clans in the Hakka region of Taiwan, there have been cases of setting up ancestry tablets and ancestral tomb for unmarried and early-deceased Hakka women. The Hakka clan has gradually broken the traditional idea of "names of unmarried and early-deceased women could not be written on the ancestral tablet" and has formed a unique practice of worshiping Great-Aunts in Taiwan Hakka society. According to the study, the preliminary article aims to propose directions for future research and observation.