韓戰時期中國共產黨的天主教政策變化

The Evolution of Policies to the Catholic Church in the Chinese Communist Party During the Korean War

凃京威(Thomas Ching-wei Tu)

《中國大陸研究》 64卷1期 (2021/03) Pp. 101-127

https://doi.org/10.30389/MCS.202103_64(1).0004

摘要

韓戰時期是中國共產黨奠定對天主教會政策的關鍵年代。中國共產黨建政初期，雖然暗中支持基督新教部分領袖發起的「三自運動」，但是對整體基督宗教採取寬容態度，盼藉統戰工作納入更多支持者。直到韓戰爆發，中國共產黨才針對教會外籍人士及組織、資金、人事做出總體政策，其後對中國大陸天主教會的各種磨難，亦從韓戰期間對待教會的經驗累積發展而成。韓戰促使中國共產黨與美國外交關係迅速惡化，並因兩國互相經濟制裁，牽連中國大陸境內美國籍天主教會、教會相關資產、教會人員。此外，因為教廷將主張無神論的共產黨視為教廷在第二次世界大戰後最大的威脅，並且教廷主張所有教會神職固守崗位，使得中國共產黨將天主教會相關機構及其外籍人員，視作敵我鬥爭下，必須即刻除去的外患。近年，中國共產黨領導人習近平強調黨員勿忘初心，高度重視1950年代黨的建設與作為，並且對基督宗教祭出多項新政策，致使教會發展進一步受限，與1950年代中國共產黨對待基督宗教作法相近。因此，瞭解韓戰期間中國共產黨對天主教會的政策，對於理解當前中國共產黨看待天主教會的觀點，具有相當程度參考價值。

關鍵字

教廷 ； 天主教會 ； 韓戰 ； 中國共產黨

並列摘要

The Korean War is a crucial incident for the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) policymaking on the Catholic Church. At the beginning of the establishment of the regime, CCP secretly supported the Three-Self Patriotic Movement led by some leaders of the Protestant Church. Despite this, the CCP has tolerated Christianity and hopes to gather more support from the people through the implementation of the United Front. It was not until the Korean War that the CCP formulated overall policies concerning the Western Church, including its organization, capital, and human resources. Furthermore, the Korean War deteriorated the diplomatic relations between the CCP and the United States. Economic sanctions have led to the detention of the American Catholic Orders, churches, and Christians in China. Additionally, the Holy See proclaimed that the Atheist communism was the most radical threat to the Church after World War II. Also, the Holy See also ordered its clergy to hold on to their posts and stay in their dioceses. Both the proclamation and the order had made the Catholic Church become an aggressive foreign power, and the CCP was eager to overthrow it. As a result, during three years of the Korean War, the Chinese Catholic Church was desperately crucified by CCP. However, there is insufficient literature on the Catholic Church in China during the Korean War period. Therefore, it gave birth to this article. Recently, Xi Jinping, the leader of CCP, emphasized the importance of party-building experiences in the 1950s. He also imposed some new restrictions on Christianity, which are comparable to the policies of the 1950s. Therefore, reexamining the early 1950s policies to the Catholic Church is valuable for comprehending recent events.

並列關鍵字

The Holy See ； Catholic Church ； Korean War ； The Chinese Communist Party

參考文獻

人民日報，1949，〈信天主教不應做為開除出農會的條件〉，02月02日。People’s Daily. 1949. “Sin tianjhujiao buying zuowei kaichu chu nonghuei de tiaojian” [The Belief of Catholic Should Not Be the Condition of Dismissing from the Agricultural Association]. February 2.

人民日報，1950a，〈美英勾結蔣匪訓練大批特務妄圖利用教會商業組織潛入我國大陸進行破壞，警惕帝國主義間諜活動〉，03月21日。People’s Daily. 1950a. “Meiying goujieh Jiangfei syunlian dapi tewu wangtu liyong jiaohuei shangyeh zujhih chianru woguo dalu jinsing pohuai, jingti diguo jhuyi jiandieh huodong” [The United States and the United Kingdom Collude with Jiang Bandit to Train a Group of Spies Aims at Corrupting Our Country Mainland by Lurking in the Church and Merchant Organization Be Alert to the Imperialist Spy Activities]. March 21.

人民日報，1950b，〈美國侵略者利用教會在中朝進行間諜活動，梵蒂岡是帝國主義的情報站〉，11月05日。People’s Daily. 1950b. “Meiguo chinlyuehjhe liyong jiaohuei zai jhongchao jinsing jiandieh huodong, fandigang shih diguo jhuyi de chingbaojhan” [The American Invaders Take Advantage of the Church to Implement Spy Activities in China and Korea the Vatican Is the Intelligence Station for Imperialism]. November 5.

人民日報，1950c，〈在安理會和聯大政委會上，奧斯丁與杜勒斯發表無恥演說〉，12月03日。People’s Daily. 1950c. “Zai anlihuei han lianda jhengweihuei shang, aosihding yu dulesih fabiao wuchih yanshuo” [In the United Nation Security Council and Political Committee Austin and Dulles Declare Shameful Speech]. December 3.

人民日報，1951，〈羅馬的天主教教務協進會〉，07月05日。People’s Daily. 1951. “Luoma de tianjhujiao jiaowu siehjinhuei” [The Roman Catholic Central Bureau]. July 5.