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《尚書》名義與清華簡「《書》」類文獻

The Implication of Shangshu and Shu related Literature in Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

摘要


先秦所謂「《書》」,不但包括今文《尚書》二十九篇,也當包括屬於「百篇」的逸《書》,還當包括今本《逸周書》。「《書》」無定本,亦無定形,不在記言,也不在記事,惟在於價值。只要是被公認爲有資於治的文獻,皆可謂之「《書》」。而《尚書》之「尚」,並非「上古」之義,而是價值上等,最為重要的意思。《尚書》就是孔子從前代政治文獻中選出來用於教學的政治教材,其價值最高,故謂之《尚書》。據此,清華簡中真正屬於「《書》」類文獻的,有《金縢》、《皇門》、《程寤》、《祭公之顧命》、《命訓》、《傅說之命》、《尹誥》、《厚父》和《攝命》。至於《尹至》、《封許之命》、《四告》、《保訓》和《耆夜》諸篇,既不在《逸周書》的篇目中,又不見於逸《書》,更不屬於今文《尚書》,只能稱為「類『《書》』文獻」。

並列摘要


The Shu in pre-Qin dynasty contained not only 29 articles of modern script, but also Yi Shu in Hundred Shu literature and modern script Yi Zhou Shu. Shu neither had final version or final form, nor focused on recording speech or events, but only emphasized on Value. All articles contribute to governing should be regarded as Shu. Therefore, the Literature Shu in pre-Qin dynasty was the important political and historical literature that was generally accepted. The word Shang in Shang Shu did not mean ancient times, but mean high value and most important. "Shangshu" was political textbook that Confucius selected from political literature of past dynasties which had the highest value. Thus, it was named Shangshu. Therefore, just Jinteng (金縢), Huangmen (皇門), Zhaigong zhi guming (祭公之顧命), Chengwu (程寤), Mingxun (命訓), Fuyue zhi ming (傅說之命), Yingao (尹誥), Houfu (厚父), and Sheming (攝命), can be called real "Shu" related literature. Yinzhi (尹至), fengxu zhi ming (封許之命), Sigao (四告), Baoxun (保訓), Qiye (耆夜), can only be called literature similar to "Shu".

參考文獻


王樹民,〈釋「志」〉,《文史》第 32 輯,北京:中華書局,1989。
艾蘭,〈何為《書》?〉,《光明日報》2010 年 12 月 20 日,第 12 版。
朱廷獻,《尚書研究》,臺北,臺灣商務印書館,1987。
李守奎,〈漢代伊尹文獻的分類與清華簡中的伊尹諸篇的性質〉,《深圳大學學報(人文社會科學版)》3(2015)。
李學勤,〈清華簡與《尚書》、《逸周書》的研究〉,《史學史研究》2(2011)。

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