從家務分工看性別平權的知行落差

雖然社會整體性別角色態度逐漸走向平權，女性的家務負擔仍明顯高於男性，兩種現象的背離，凸顯了性別角色態度的「知」與從事家務的「行」之間的落差。本研究以2002與2012年臺灣社會變遷基本調查資料回答三個問題：第一，家務分工與性別角色態度有何變化，從而帶出什麼家務知行樣態與變遷？第二，什麼因素影響家務的知行落差？第三，透過與家務分工影響因素的比較，對於家務分工可以帶來哪些更深入的認識。研究結果顯示：一、無論男女，性別角色態度都朝現代開放的方向發展；男性負擔的家務比例增加，但是主因來自於整體家務從事時間變少，而非男性家務時數的增加；從出生世代的的角度顯現出「知行落差」擴大，再從「知行落差」內部差異的變化來看，女性知行落差的現象更不樂觀。二、「時間可得論」與「相對資源論」對於男性與女性的家務知行樣態皆具解釋力，特別是相對資源論的證據更為明確。工作時間愈高、收入愈高時，已婚男性愈不容易、已婚女性愈容易成為「無知行落差─現代」者。三、家務分工與家務知行樣態影響因素的分析與比較顯示，教育雖被認為可促進家務分工的平權，但卻也可能帶來家務知行落差，而在檢視的所有變項中，唯提高女性收入才能同時帶來家務分工的平權也降低知行落差的出現。

關鍵字

家務分工；性別角色態度；知行落差

並列摘要

Past research has shown that gender role attitude plays an important part in the division of domestic work. However, as gender role attitudes become more egalitarian, the division of housework remains traditional, with women still doing most of the work. The two opposite trends signify the attitude-behavior gap of housework. Using data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey 2002 and 2012, we aim to answer three questions. First, how has the division of domestic work, gender role attitude, and the gap between them changed? Second, what are the factors influencing the attitude-behavior gap? Third, what can we learn through the comparison of the factors influencing the division of housework and the attitude-behavior gap? The results show that (1) gender role attitudes are becoming more egalitarian for both men and women. Men’s share of housework is rising due to a decrease in total housework time, not their increase time on housework. The attitude-behavior gap has worsened more for women than men, due to a higher increase of women possessing modern gender role attitudes and a higher share of housework. (2) Available time and relative resources theories, especially the latter, explain the attitude-behavior types both for men and women. Higher work time and income lead to a decrease and increase for men and women respectively in being the ＂no attitude-behavior gap modern＂ type. (3) Although education has been recognized as bringing an egalitarian housework division, it also brings an attitude-behavior gap. Among all the factors examined, women's income shows a crucial influence on both bringing gender egalitarianism to housework and decreasing the attitude-behavior gap at the same time.

並列關鍵字

division of housework ； gender role attitude ； attitude-behavior gap

參考文獻

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