亞里斯多德論鞏固政治共同體的兩大德性：正義與友誼

Aristotle on the Elementary Virtues for the Consolidation of Political Communities: Justice and Friendship

莊國銘(Will K. M. Chuang)

《政治科學論叢》 18期 (2003/06) Pp. 191-216

https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.18(191-216)

摘要

亞里斯多德將正義與友誼視為鞏固城邦於不墜的兩大德性，然而，此二德性到底如何鞏固政治共同體，長期以來一直困擾著亞里斯多德政治哲學的研究者。本文旨在研究，於何種意義下，正義與友誼維繫政治共同體
於不墜。
亞里斯多德將正義分為廣義的正義（全德）與狹義的正義（公平）。本文作者認為，狹義的正義雖足以定分息爭，但廣義的正義才是亞里斯多德認為能擔負起鞏固政治共同體之責的首要德性。亞里斯多德亦將友誼分為三種（為了享樂、為了好處、以及為了彼此的善的友誼），作者認為，為了彼此的善所產生的友誼，才是能促進政治共同體之良善、達成倫理學與政治學所企求之最終目的（幸福生活）的德性。
透過對此二德性的研究，我們可以更清楚地描繪亞里斯多德「德性的政治共同體」計劃之輪廓。顯然亞里斯多德所心儀之共同生活與當代有著相當程度的歧異，也為當代政治生活提供豐富且寶貴的反省資源。

關鍵字

亞里斯多德 ； 正義 ； 友誼 ； 德性 ； 政治共同體 ； 幸福

並列摘要

Aristotle takes justice and friendship as the elementary virtues for the consolidation of political communities. This paper aims at examining an intriguing issue which has troubled scholars for a long time: how these two virtues can consolidate the polis?
Aristotle divides justice into a broad sense (a complete virtue) and a narrow sense (fairness). I argue that justice, in its broad sense, is the prime virtue to concrete the koinōnia politikon. Aristotle also divides friendship into three senses, and I shall try to demonstrate that friendship for each other's good is exactly the virtue to improve the good of polis as well as eudaimonia-to achieve the ultimate end of ethics and political science.
Aristotle's project for virtuous community could be outlined much more clearly by studying justice and friendship as the two elementary virtues. It is rather obvious that his expectation of genuine political life differs significantly from the contemporary rival theories. Nevertheless, I believe that the project outlined by Aristotle offers fruitful implications and valuable resources for us to reconsider our political life today.

並列關鍵字

Aristotle ； justice ； friendship ； virtue ； political community ； happiness

參考文獻

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Barnes, J.,Schofield, M.,Sorabji, R. (eds.)(1977).Articles on Aristotle 2: Ethics and Politics.New York:St. Martin's Press.

Bartlett, R.C.(1994).Aristotle's Science of the Best Regime.American Political Science Review.88,143-155.