哪一種半總統制？－概念界定爭議的釐清

Which Kind of Semi-Presidentialism Is It?-The Clarification of the Concept ofSemi-Presidentialism

蘇子喬(Tzu-Chiao Su)

《東吳政治學報》 29卷4期 (2011/12) Pp. 1-72

https://doi.org/10.6418/SJPS.201112.0002

摘要

本文試圖釐清學術界對於「半總統制」此一概念在理解和認知上的分歧與爭議。本文探討的議題看似政治學中最基本的概念界定問題，但此問題卻是探討半總統制相關議題之前必須先釐清的前提。本文釐清了「半總統制」與其他類似概念—「混合制」、「雙首長制」、「行政權雙軌制」的差異，討論了「半總統制」此一概念的缺失，提出了「半總統制」的具體判斷標準，並檢視了目前學界對「半總統制」次類型的劃分方式。本文認為，在對「半總統制」進行次類型劃分時，應該以「半總統制」的基本運作原則作為劃分次類型的標準，且憲政規範與憲政實踐是兩個不應混淆的層面，而「半總統制」既然是一種制度，也是一種規範，因此有必要從憲政規範而非憲政實踐的角度來思考「半總統制」的次類型劃分問題。在此基礎上，本文將「半總統制」區分為「一元型半總統制」與「二元型半總統制」。本文認為此種界定方式，既能清楚掌握「半總統制」的基本原則，也能以最簡單扼要的劃分標準來探討最多的個案。總之，本文對於「半總統制」概念的探討，希望可以為學界各種更為深入細緻的半總統制研究提供一個最起始的基礎。

關鍵字

憲政體制 ； 半總統制 ； 雙首長制 ； 混合制

並列摘要

This paper tries to elaborate the concept of semi-presidentialism, which is the most essential issue in the study of semi-presidentialism. It clarifies the differences between the concept of semi-presidentialism and other similar ones, looks into the flaws of semi-presidentialism, proposes the judging criterion of semi-presidentialism, and reviews the subtyping method for semi-presidentialism currently applied by scholars. It is of the opinion that the basic principles of semi-presidentialism should be applied as the criterion for subtyping semi-presidentialism, and that constitutional norm and constitutional practice are two different domains which should be discriminated. Since semi-presidentialism is not only a constitutional system but also a political institution and norm, it is necessary to subtype semi-presidentialism from the perspective of constitutional norm rather than that of constitutional practice. On this basis, semi-presidentialism is subtyped into ”semi-presidentialism with single accountability” and ”semi-presidentialism with dual accountability”. This subtyping method grasps the basic principles of semi-presidentialism, and also can be applied to most empirical cases for its most concise subtyping criterion. In sum, only when the concept of semi-presidentialism is clarified can we further determine whether a country is adopting semi-presidentialism and which kind of semi-presidentialism it is. By elaborating the concept of semi-presidentialism, this paper hopes to provide a primary basis for further and detailed researches on semi-presidentialism.

並列關鍵字

constitutional system ； semi-presidentialism ； dual-executivesystem ； mixed system

參考文獻

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