合人神為一的帝王學－由諸橋轍次的經筵進講與《論語》理解談起

本文共分四節，首節重點在說明近代日本經筵進講起自何時？並說明截至終戰為止的進講概況，以及不採《春秋》、《孟子》的理由。第二節則說明諸橋所以適合擔任保傅天皇、太子之德的君師，乃因其為「碩學鴻儒」而且「思想純正」。並指出諸橋所以進講〈憲問•子路問君子〉章，乃因其主張《論語》之教徹頭徹尾就是個人教育。第三節首先說明諸橋試圖涵塑昭和天皇「修己安人」、「修己安百姓」的「聖人」帝王學。再就「學以養德」、「孝以化民」、「敬以執事」三個帝王必修之德，分析「學以養德」有回「天」意之用意在其中；「孝以化民」則是以「孝」發揮核心機軸點、施力點、轉換點等功能，使「億兆」皇民可以趨向「一心」（天皇）；而「敬」所以作為帝王「內」在的修養德目，不能只侷限在個人的工夫修養，「敬」作為帝王貫通內外、動靜的真工夫，其與百姓之「敬」的相異處，就在其勢必要與治國、平天下有所關聯。最後一節則指出在近代日本天皇的品格教育中，天皇其實是被視為一「有德之人」，也就是被「天」所承認、選定的「人」，而必須被輔導、涵化、養成某種「人格」，而非「神格」。而合天子／天孫•人／神的天皇教育之終極目的，乃在使日本對抗列強而成為「天下」之中心。

關鍵字

諸橋轍次；經筵進講；論語；修己治人；孝；敬

並列摘要

This essay includes four sections. First, primarily illustrates the origin of imperial lecture on Confucian Classics in modern Japan, introduces the brief history of the lecture by the end of World War Ⅱ, and demonstrates the reasons why the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Mencius are absence from Confucian Classics in the lecture. Second, explains Morohashi is an eligible tutor for the Tenno, the emperor, for his erudite and unadulterated thought, and indicates that he taught the chapter 42 ”Tzu-lu wen chun-tzu”(子路問君子) in the book of Hsien-wen (憲問) in the Analects for he believed that the Analects is an out-and-out book for individual education. Third, indicates Morohashi intended to educate and form Shōwa Tenno, Hirohito, to be an emperor with the qualities of ”Hsiu-chi an-jen” (cultivates himself so as to give rest to others) and ”Hsiu-chi an pai-hsing” (cultivates himself so as to give rest to all the people). Further, the emperor must develop three virtues, ”Hsueh-yi yang-te” (cultivate morality by study), which shows the intention of returning the wills of t'ien (Heaven); ”Hsiao-yi hua-ming” (moralize people by filial piety), which could groups all Tenno's people by filial piety; and ”Ching-yi chih-shih” (manage business by attentive reverence), which reverence as himself inner virtue cultivation, must connect to the ideas of ”Chih-kuo” (govern the state) and ”Ping tien-hsia” (build the tranquility of the empire). Final, Tenno, in modern Japan, is actually regards as a ”Man of Virtue” in his moral education, and, for he is the Man who admitted and chosen by t'ien, must be educated, developed, and cultivated to ”Humanity” instead of ”Divinity”. Therefore, the ultimate purpose of Tenno's education by the Unification of T’ien-tzu (son of god) and Tenson (descendant of god), and humanity and divinity, could create Japan becomes the center of the ”world” and defenses the Great Powers.