全球天下觀：由平面到球型的國際秩序面貌

天下觀是華夏民族處理國家間政治關係的思想結晶，它初步生成於周代，歷經歷代中華王朝的政治統御分合實踐，成為中華政治思想的重要元素。中國大陸學者趙汀陽企圖以華夏天下觀為理論基礎，提出「天下體系」，以為天下體系乃是具有內部包容性的共同存在秩序。很可惜趙汀陽的天下體系，未能解釋世界政治的競爭與權力互動，而且其論述邏輯亦有待商議。回顧周代初期創建天下概念之天、天下、天命等基本概念，華夏天下觀可以解析國際秩序的轉移面貌。華夏天下觀，亦提供吾人更多有關霸權治理與國際關係霸業秩序塑成的認識。由傳統平面華夏天下觀轉換而來的三維球型全球天下觀，得以突破傳統華夏天下觀的二維平面空間侷限以及華夷文化偏見，發展一個具有華夏政治思想元素，並且解釋全球政治體系變遷的國際關係分析途徑。本文發現，全球天下觀「天命靡常」的安全不確定性，對於層級特性的霸權轉移，有更佳的解析力。

關鍵字

天下；天命；國際體系；權力轉移；霸權治理

並列摘要

＂Tianxia,＂ a concept firstly developed in the Zhou Dynasty, has been practiced throughout the Chinese history and become the essence of Chinese political thought in dealing with inter-state relations. Base on the traditional notion of Tianxia perspectives, Zhao Tingyang, a Chinese scholar, argues that the Tianxia system is an inclusive world order of co-existence. Nevertheless, Zhao's thesis can hardly explain the dynamics of power competition in global politics. By synthesizing original concepts of Tian (heaven), Tianxia (all under heaven), and Tianming (heaven's mandate), the traditional Chinese Tianxia indeed not only well explains the transformation of international order but also inspires us for the understandings of hegemonic governance and the transition of hegemonic order. This article removes the Chinese-barbarian cultural bias in the traditional Chinese Tianxia and develops a new research approach to international relations: Globalized Tianxia. It concludes that hegemonic transitions and governance patterns can be better explained by ＂Heaven's Uncertain Mandate＂ of the Globalized Tianxia.