台灣民主化與政黨體系的變遷 :菁英與群眾的選舉連結

Taiwan's Democratization and Change of Party System: Electoral Linkage of Elite and Mass

林佳龍(Chia-lung Lin)

《台灣政治學刊》 4期 (2000/12) Pp. 3-55

https://doi.org/10.6683/TPSR.200012.4.3-55

摘要

這篇文章分析台灣的選舉競爭如何帶動政黨體系的變遷，進而影響民主的發展。在過去十年，台灣差不多每一年都舉行重要的選舉 ；台灣的民主化，可以說是一種選舉帶動的民主化(election-driven democratization)。選舉的開放，一方面提供政治菁英一個體制內的管道來組織和動員群眾，另一方面，群眾的社會屬性也透過選舉過程在形塑政治菁英的認知、計算和行動。換句話說，經由選舉作用，台灣的菁英政治與群眾政治才在制度上連結起來，二者交互影響台灣的政黨體系變遷與民主發展。本文第一節介紹台灣政黨體系的構造，指出一個溫和的多黨制已經在選舉中形成，而主要政黨的支持者各自具有不同的政治社會屬性。第二節探討形塑台灣政黨體系的因素，包括既存的社會分歧、選舉制度以及政治菁英的動員策略。第三節分析台灣政黨體系的運作實況，尤其是各黨派在立法過程中的結盟與競爭，以及主要政黨在一般選民認知中的形象。結論探討這個新的政黨體系對台灣民主發展的可能影響。

關鍵字

民主化 ； 政黨 ； 選舉 ； 投票行為 ； 立法政治

並列摘要

Taiwan’s democratization is fundamentally election-driven. This article analyzes how Taiwan’s electoral competition has brought about dramatic changes in party system at the elite and mass levels. On the one hand, electoral opening provides political elite an institutional channel to organize and mobilize the people. On the other hand, the people’s sociopolitical attributes also mold the elite’s perception, calculations and interactions through the electoral process. The first part of the paper introduces the configuration of Taiwan’s new party system and points out that electoral competition has given rise to a moderate multiparty system, with supporters of major parties exhibiting distinct sociopolitical characteristics. Part two explores factors that have shaped Taiwan’s party system, including preexisting social cleavages, electoral rules, and political elite’s mobilization strategy. Part three examines the functioning of the new party system, especially how party coalitions and counter-coalitions are formed during legislative processes and how the general public perceives the differences of the major parties. The conclusion discusses the implication of this new party system for Taiwan’s democratic future.

並列關鍵字

democratization ； political party ； election ； voting behavior ； legislative politics

參考文獻

(1995).Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America.Stanford:Stanford University Press.

(1989)。變遷中台灣社會的中產階級。台北:巨流圖書公司。

(1995).Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

(1986).Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences.New York:Agathon Press.

(1992).Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.