婦女保障名額制度與選舉競爭對女性參政的影響：以2000年至2010年縣市議員選舉為例

在社經資源分配不均、政治機會結構、政治社會化及性別角色衝突等因素的影響下，使得女性在政治參與過程中常居於劣勢與被邊緣化的一方，加上女性候選人在選舉過程中往往處於較不利的競爭態勢，因而影響女性參選意願和當選機會，是以，各國無不透過各種制度設計與誘因機制，藉此強化與提升女性參與政治的動機和機會。由於過去較少實證研究檢視婦女保障制度與選舉競爭程度對女性參政的實質影響，為填補此一研究缺口，本研究旨在探討制度因素與選舉過程對於女性參選意願和當選機會的影響，一方面探究婦女保障名額多寡對於女性參選的誘因與效果；另一方面從選舉過程出發，分析選舉競爭程度對女性參政機會的影響。本研究蒐集整理2002年至2010年三次縣市議員選舉的得票資料，利用量化分析方法評估制度設計與選舉競爭對女性參政的影響。實證分析結果獲得幾個重要的研究發現：（1）婦女保障名額制度的確可激勵政黨提名女性參選，尤其是在有1席保障名額的選區，其誘因效果最為明顯；此外，本研究亦發現除了婦女保障名額外，尚有其他因素會影響國民黨和民進黨的女性提名。（2）從選區的觀點，婦女保障名額對女性候選人的參選意願和當選機會有顯著的正向影響；不過，選舉競爭激烈程度對女性參選意願和當選機會則是顯著的負向影響。（3）從候選人的觀點，婦女保障名額對女性的當選機會沒有顯著影響，反而是選區競爭程度、現任因素、政黨提名等變數有較顯著的解釋力；另一方面，選區競爭程度對女性候選人的得票率沒有顯著影響，但婦女保障名額、選舉年度、都市化程度、現任者比例、地理區域、政黨提名及年齡等因素則對女性候選人的得票率有顯著影響。

關鍵字

婦女保障名額；選舉競爭；女性參政；議員選舉；政黨提名

並列摘要

Many factors lie behind women being under-represented in politics, such as an uneven distribution of social, economic, and political resources, or traditional gender role expectations for females. These limitations prevent women from standing for elections. Few empirical studies have been conducted on examining the association between an electoral system, an electoral competition and the gender differences of running for elections and getting elected. This article aims to bridge the gap on this matter by focusing on the influence of the female reserved seat system in Taiwan. As such, this article further discusses if the reserved seat system serves as an incentive for political parties in nominating female candidates. The degree of electoral competition also plays a role in affecting the chances of getting elected. In this article we will examine this issue as well. By analyzing city and county council election results from 2002 to 2010, with the electoral district and candidates as the unit of analysis, this article concludes that: (1) political parties tend to nominate more female candidates as the electoral magnitude increases; (2) more females are willing to run in the elections as there are more reserved seats available, with the electoral district serving as the unit of analysis. However, the results show that the incumbent, electoral competition, and party nomination are important factors accounting for a female's success, with candidates as the unit of analysis; (3) the more competitive the electoral districts are, the less possible it is for females to run in elections and get elected.

並列關鍵字

Female Reserved Seat Systems ； Electoral Competition ； Female Political Participation ； City and County Council Member Election ； Party Nomination

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