移動的階級不平等：臺灣民眾的交通弱勢與交通事故風險初探

Class Inequality of Moving: A Preliminary Study of Transportation-Related Lifestyle and the Risk of Traffic Accidents in Taiwan

林宗弘(Thung-hong Lin) ； 許耿銘(Keng-ming Hsu) ； 李俊穎(Chun-yin Lee)

《調查研究-方法與應用》 47期 (2021/10) Pp. 113-166

摘要

交通系統是各國重要的基礎建設，涉及不同社會階層民眾移動能力之不平等。然而，針對民眾社會階級可負擔性、公共交通工具可及性對交通方式選擇的影響，本土少有實證研究，連結階級不平等與車禍風險的分析更少。因此，本研究運用臺灣社會變遷調查2019第七期第五次（科技與風險組）的問卷數據，分析臺灣各階級民眾之交通方式與其車禍風險差異。運用卜瓦松（Poisson）與多類別邏輯迴歸（Multinomial Logistic Regression）模型統計分析發現，階級不平等會影響臺灣民眾選擇機車、汽車作為主要交通方式的機率，其中雇主最常使用汽車，非技術工人、自雇者與失業者最常使用機車，非勞動力較依賴步行與公共交通系統。其次，機車比汽車或公共交通系統容易導致車禍發生率提高，而受訪者居住地區捷運站密度，會顯著降低其使用機車機率，並減緩遭遇車禍的風險。研究結果建議以公共交通服務特別是捷運替代個人交通工具特別是機車，以減少城鄉差距與階級的交通弱勢，也有助減少機車使用比例，並且降低車禍風險。

關鍵字

階級不平等 ； 交通弱勢 ； 公共交通可及性 ； 交通可負擔性 ； 車禍

並列摘要

Transportation systems are critical infrastructure for all countries and provide mobility accessible to all. However, some people's mobility and risks of transportation are more equal than others. In order to explain the inequality in transportation, studies have investigated transport affordability and public transport accessibility for people of different social classes. Yet, there has been little discussion about empirically investigating the relationship between social class and the risk of transportation accidents. In Taiwan, the high mortality rate of traffic accidents, especially involving motorcycles as the major mode of transport, has been publicly criticized for years. Therefore, we investigate the relationship between social classes, modes of transport, and the risks of traffic accidents in Taiwan. Three hypotheses are derived from the international literature and empirically tested with data from the 2019 Taiwan Social Change Survey. First, the social class of Taiwanese shaped their risk of car accidents. The lower classes such as workers and farmers were exposed to and suffered from higher risk of car accidents due to their longer driving time and distance resulting from their occupational and commuting needs. Second, people from lower classes in Taiwan tended to choose motorcycles as the major daily mode of transport because of their affordability; and using a motorcycle increased their risk of suffering from traffic accidents. Third, the lower accessibility of public transport services increased the probability of people using a motorcycle, and using a motorcycle increased the risk. For the sake of concentrating on this issue, we participated in the design of the 2019 Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS Round 7, Year 5): Technology and Risk Society. The questionnaire asked the major mode of transport and the frequency of car accidents the respondents had experienced during the last two decades. We merge two levels of data to break through the methodological limitations of the survey. The first level is the sampled data of socioeconomic status and traffic behavior in the TSCS. The second level measuring the accessibility of public transport services is the overall traffic development information, such as the densities of mass transport stations including railways, subways and buses of the township. From Poisson regression results, it can be seen that class inequality significantly affected an individual's choice of whether to adopt mass transit, a motorcycle, or a car as their primary mode of transport in their daily lives. Motorcycles were the main form of transportation (53%) in Taiwan. What is more, the results indicated that employers tended to drive cars; unskilled workers, self-employed individuals (including farmers), and unemployed individuals tended to ride motorcycles; and individuals who are not in the workforce tended to walk or use mass transit. In addition, the motorcyclists were significantly more prone to accidents than respondents driving cars or taking mass transit. In fact, respondents living in an area of higher density with mass rapid transit (MRT) stations tended to use the MRT and had a lower likelihood of using motorcycles; and these respondents had a lower risk of car accidents. Most important of all, the research findings may serve as a guide for transport policymakers; that is, the risk of car accidents in Taiwan could be reduced by building MRT stations and by reducing class inequalities vis-à-vis moving, the urban-rural transport gap, and motorcycle ridership.

並列關鍵字

class inequality ； transport disadvantage ； public transport accessibility ； transport affordability ； traffic accident

參考文獻

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