跨越「雇」事：新移民女性微型創業經驗

Beyond Employment: Immigrant Women's Experiences of Micro-Enterprise

林億玫(Yi-Mei Lin) ； 潘淑滿(Shu-Man Pan)

《社會政策與社會工作學刊》 20卷1期 (2016/06) Pp. 1-48

https://doi.org/10.6785/SPSW.201606_20(1).0001

摘要

相較於本籍女性，新移民進入勞動市場面對較多個人與結構限制，為瞭解決家計困境、兼顧照顧需求，具有機動性微創成為突破困境與發展主體選項。本文訪問八位從事微創新移民，探討新移民在從事微創過程中，性別、階級和族群象徵的意涵，如何展現在微創抉擇、經驗、與遭遇困難時之策略因應。結果發現：新移民的微創是理性抉擇，為生活所迫、承繼家族產業或追求個人主體皆有，創業資金來自個人積蓄或夫家支持，個人擁有技術與過去生活經驗是重要人力與社會資本。創業結果不僅改善家庭經濟，更增加個人自信，和部分翻轉家庭權力關係。新移民的微創仍難擺脫性別化角色，階級對微創行動的影響有待釐清，跨國人口流動形塑另類「飛地市場」現象。根據研究結果，本文提出多項關於新移民創業輔導機制與實務策略之建議。

關鍵字

微型創業 ； 新移民女性 ； 飛地市場 ； 理性抉擇理論 ； 創業輔導方案

並列摘要

Facing more personal and structural constraints for finding a job, immigrant women in Taiwan try to balance the needs of job and caring by engaging in micro-enterprise, which is more flexible and provide potential in developing a more viable career. This article, based on interviews with eight immigrant women engaging in micro-enterprise, investigates how gender, class and ethnicity impact the choices, experiences, strategies for developing micro-enterprise. The findings indicate that motivations for engaging in micro-enterprise include: Earning for living, continuing family business, and searching suitable career development. Most findings for initiating micro-enterprise are provided by personal savings and family members, but without any business loan. Ideas of developing microenterprise stems from personal skills and living and cultural experiences, micro-enterprise can also help immigrant women to achieve economic independence, to enhance self-confidence and to improve their status in the family, but micro-enterprise is still tainted by the gender division of labor. The problem of how education impacts the choice of micro-enterprise as a career need further studies to analyses. It deserves, more attention that immigrant women in Taiwan create a new image of enclave market, which is somewhat differ from the traditional enclave market founded upon whole family migration. In addition, this article also provides some suggestions for helping immigrant women to develop micro-enterprise.

並列關鍵字

Micro-enterprise ； immigrant women ； enclave market ； rationalchoice theory ； entrepreneurship monitoring program

參考文獻

王志弘、沈孟穎(2010)。東南亞飲食再現策略：異國時尚、多元文化與己異化認同。台灣東南亞學刊。7(1)，151-192。

王燦槐、林艾蓉(2009)。台灣女性勞動力運用之比較：以東南亞配偶、大陸配偶、本國有偶婦女為例。台灣東南亞學刊。6(2)，97-134。

林開忠(2006)。跨界越南女性族群邊界的維持：食物角色的探究。台灣東南亞學刊。3(1)，63-82。

潘淑滿、楊榮宗(2013)。跨國境後之主體形成：婚姻移民單親母親的在地與跨境協商。臺大社會工作學刊。27，135-184。

陸洛、張婷婷、張妤玥(2012)。工作與家庭的意義對因應職家衝突的影響─華人雙文化自我觀之展現。本土心理學研究。37，141-189。