從“天人類比”再思“控制觀”：一個行動理論的觀點

Reconstructing the Chinese Control Belief from the Heaven-Person-Analogy: An Action Theory Perspective

郭士賢(Shih-Hsien Kuo)

《本土心理學研究》 17期 (2002/06) Pp. 269-307

摘要

自六○年代起，J. B. Rotter所提出的控制觀(locus of control)一直是一個受人注意的心理學研究題目，該理論所指出的內、外控制信念被許多學者引用，也廣泛運用到社會與人格心理學的領域。雖然後人曾陸續對該理論提出各種補充與修正，但是這種內外二分的控制觀，並非完全適用在中國文化圈中，有必要從本土的觀點再次審視它。
來自西方的控制觀理論都是從主客二元對立的世界觀出發，將外在世界的變動規則視為與個體自身沒有直接因果關係的事實。西方的控制思維不是指向外在世界，就是指向個體自身。而傳統中國文化中的天、地、人三才並立的宇宙觀中，不但人被視為是大自然中的一個不可獨立分割的一部份，人與週遭環境及大自然變動規則之間，存在著某種非直接因果式的互動關係。因此，順應大自然的變動規則成為求得控制的主要原則；而且，指向自身的控制行動可以帶著指向外在世界的意圖。
本文以中國文化圈中普遍存在的「命理風水」為例，重新檢視其背後的「天人感應」之觀念，指出它原本是古人從傳統宇宙觀出發，所發展出來的一套掌握人生起伏順逆的理論，是一套原本可以不涉鬼神的人生哲學。而命理風水之說中採用的天、地、人三才的宇宙觀，加上類比思考方式貫穿其間，建構出一套天時、地利、人和共同促成事情發生的另一種因果觀點。從行動理論的角度來看，人們所採取的行動在天時、地利、人和三大因素群的架構之下，被視為是事情成敗與否的此要條件之一。因此，人們實際上是採用一種既信命卻又不認命的態度面對人生。這種態度所呈現的即是一種以順應為原則、在外控架構中進行內控的特殊控制觀。

關鍵字

天人類比 ； 控制觀 ； 行動理論 ； 順應 ； 寧可信其有

並列摘要

Since the 1960s the locus of control theory has been discussed worldwide. This theory highlights belief in an internal-external distinction of control. In the 80s the primary-secondary control theory provided further theoretical consideration of the process of psychological control. The Western theoretical perspective of control is based on the Cartesian subject-object dichotomy allowing independent interaction between the person and the world. Western theories of control beliefs refer either to the world (internal or primary control) or to the person (external or secondary control).
In traditional Chinese cosmology, the subject is seen as an inseparable part of nature, which is composed of three concepts: Heaven, Earth, and Person. The interaction between these three groups is understood to be interrelated with analogical effects. Chinese control beliefs are adaptation-oriented, and they are directed both to the subject at the action level and to the world intentionally. People try to change themselves in order to change the world.
Traditional fortune-telling and Feng-Shui beliefs in Taiwan are discussed in this paper as examples that reveal the analogical interrelation between heavenly timing, spatial adequacy, and personal life events. Under such analogical thinking, personal action is seen as one of the necessary conditions of a life event.

並列關鍵字

action theory ； adaptation ； control belief ； heaven-person-analogy

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