中國大陸國家與社會關係的演變模式：一項理論上的探索

一個國家與社會關係的理論架構，有助於分析與解釋特定國家在某一個歷史階段中的政治、經濟和社會發展特色。傳統上，國家與社會關係的研究，主要皆從國家的層面切入，以觀察國家對社會所展現的控制力。但不可否認地是，社會支持或抗衡力量的大小，亦可能影響到國家的自主能力。不過，在政治發展的變遷與持續方面，國家和社會之間的互動，乃是一種最常見的模式。然而，在全球化的衝擊下，除了國家與社會之間的內在互動外，國際非政府組織亦開始扮演聯合社會影響國家政府的重要外在力量。在計畫經濟體制下的中國大陸，反映了國家透過國有企業和人民公社，嚴密控制了整個社會。中國大陸在1978年以後的經濟發展，雖然可觀察到一股社會力量的興起，但整體而言，其所展現地卻又是在國家領導與控制下的一種公民社會。最後，本文藉著對長江三峽大壩興建案例的探討，指出了傳統國家與社會關係架構的不足之處。儘管中共的威權體制，確保了三峽大壩的興建與完工，但國際非政府組織對國際社會的進行倡議與遊說，以及對中國大陸內部環保非政府組織的加強其能力建構，並擴大網絡關係的建立，皆建構了國家與社會關係互動的新思考方向。

關鍵字

非政府組織；國家與社會關係；長江三峽大壩；公民社會；跨國倡議網絡

並列摘要

The theoretical framework of the state and society contributes to the analysis and understanding of specific countries as well as demonstrates a period of political, economic, and social development. Traditionally speaking, the study of state-society relations was from the state centric perspective to observe the control that the state exerts over the society. But undeniably, the degree of social support or social contention also affects the government's autonomy. However, in terms of political development, the pattern of interaction between the state and society is the most evident. With the impact of globalization, besides the domestic interaction between the state and society, international non-governmental organization has also begun to play a role in influencing the state by allying with the society. In the planned economy of China, the state controls the society through state-owned enterprises and people's communes. With the rapid economic development in China after 1978, civil power has increased, but overall, it is still a state-controlled civil society. Lastly, the article probes the case of the Three Gorges Dam construction project, pointing out the weakness of traditional state-society framework. Even with the authoritarian China pushing for the construction and completion of the dam, international NGOs protest globally and establish a network with domestic NGOs, forcing the central government to pay more attention to environmental and human rights issues. Therefore, the dam construction project has created a new way of thinking for state-society relations.