清代臺灣例運糶米政策之探討（1725-1745）

本文主要是探討清代臺灣例運糶米政策的實施過程。例運糶米政策是雍正3年（1725）閩撫黃國財所制定的政策，該政策規定臺灣每年須向漳、泉輸出一定數額的平糶米，以降低漳、泉二府的米價。例運糶米政策在雍正3年確立後，政策歷經三次的變動。第一次是雍正4年（1726）增加豐年彈性加運的條款。另外二次的變動則為雍正7年時（1729），例運糶米改由採買湊足應運之數，以及一米換二穀兩項變動。乾隆初年，例運糶米政策顯現出欠運弊病。乾隆6年（1741）時，閩省官員為解決欠運問題，將應例運糶米數額調降。但乾隆10年時（1745），閩撫周學健統計乾隆元年至乾隆10年間（1737-1745），臺灣一共積欠例運糶米650,000石，周學健認為補運無期，進而終止例運政策。隨後，乾隆11、12年（1746-1747），周學健與陳大受清查出臺灣採買弊端，發現臺灣官員藉由採買例運糶米以圖利。清廷為臺灣統治的安定，不再以例運糶米政策做為降低漳、泉米價的解決方案。

關鍵字

臺米輸出；例運；糶米；黃國財；周學健

並列摘要

This essay discusses the ”Liyun tiaomi” Policy in Qing Taiwan, which was set up by the governor of Fujian, Huang Guocai, in 1725. According to this policy, Taiwan was to supply rice to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou to reduce the rice prices there, but the policy was changed three times during the Qing. First, a new regulation was added in 1726, stipulating that Taiwan should transport more rice to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou every harvest year. The second and third changes were in 1729. One was that the Taiwan officials' purchase allotment was to be from markets instead of the granaries of Taiwan Prefectural City. The other was that a quantity of white rice could be exchanged for twice that quantity of brown rice. That is, increasing the amount but changing the type of rice. In the early Qianlong period, however, arrears developed under the ”Liyun tiaomi” Policy. To solve this problem, officials of Fujian Province reduced the required quantity of rice. In 1745, according to statistics of the governor of Fujian, Zhou Xiaojian, from 1737 to 1745 the arrears were 650,000 ”dan”（石）under the ”Liyun tiaomi” Policy. Zhou Xiaojian saw that Taiwan did not have the ability to pay off the arrears, so this policy was terminated in both Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From 1746 to 1747, Zhou Xiaojian and the new governor of Fujian, Chen Dashou, ascertained that Taiwan officials were corrupt in their purchasing. Therefore, Qianlong and the later Qing rulers did not use the ”Liyun tiaomi” policy to regulate the rice prices in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.