養育責任的集體分擔－公共財與外部性的分析

Collectively Sharing the Responsibility of Child Raising-The Analysis from the Conceptions of Public Goods and Externality

鄭清霞(Ching-Hsia Cheng) ； 洪惠芬(Hui-Fen Hung)

《臺大社會工作學刊》 10期 (2005/01) Pp. 55-111

https://doi.org/10.6171/ntuswr2005.10.02

摘要

我國自1993年步入老年型國家以來，老年人的相關需求滿足問題不再被視為個別家庭的問題而是社會問題。但如果「幼有所長」大部分由家庭部門來承擔，而「老有所終」則由國家來包辦，那麼這樣的制度可能影響未來生育率發展趨勢，而社會財政亦會受到低生育率的影響。本文第一個目的即在於探討子女是不是一種公共財？是否具備外部性？再者，同樣身為依賴人口，國家對於20歲以下人口群與65歲以上人口群的照顧措施與程度並不相同。本文第二個目的即在於分析我國政府對於依賴人口的相關政策與措施。最後則借重國外的經驗將目前國家對子女養育的補貼政策，大致歸成三種類型：(1)補充養家者所得的現金給付制度；(2)補貼照顧者所作的貢獻；(3)兒童照顧服務政策。希望提供我國未來規劃兒童政策的具體參考。

關鍵字

兒童養育 ； 兒童津貼 ； 國家責任

並列摘要

Since Taiwan became old-age society in 1993, how to meet the needs of our senior citizens has already been considered as a public issue, rather than the problems of individual families. However, if the government assumes the responsibility of ”providing for the old”, but still leaves the most task of ”raising the child” to the family sector the future trend of birth rate will be affected, and then the foundation of social finance will be destabilized. Hence, the first purpose of our article is to explore whether children are public goods, something of positive externality.
The old and the child are both the parts of the dependent population, but the amounts that the government spends on the citizens over age 65 often differ from what it provides to the ones under age 20. Thus, the second purpose of our article is to analyze Taiwan's existing policies and measures respectively for the two dependent groups. Finally, we will review other country's solutions for sharing the responsibility of child raising. Accordingly, their solutions can be divided into three types: (1). The existing cash benefit system, which aims to maintain the breadwinner's income. (2). Providing benefits to the caregiver, which aims to compensate what the caregiver contributes to the task of child raising, and (3). Childcare service provision. The review and typology in our article may have some implications for Taiwan's future strategies about child raising.

並列關鍵字

child raising ； children benefits ； state's responsibility

參考文獻

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