綜論各國之乳牛體態評分標準與常見疾病之相關性

Review: Dairy Cattle Body Condition Score Systems Developed by Different Countries and the Relationships between Body Condition Score and Common Cattle Diseases

沈昱名(Yu-Ming Shen) ； 詹昆衛(Kun-Wei Chan) ； 楊瑋誠(Wei-Cheng Yang) ； 蘇耀期(Yao-Chi Su) ； 余章游(Chang-You Yu) ； 王建雄(Jiann-Hsiung Wang) ； 張銘煌(Ming-Huang Chang) ； 賴治民(Jyh-Mirn Lai)

《臺灣獸醫學雜誌》 39卷2期 (2013/06) Pp. 135-149

摘要

在乳牛，脂肪組織的代謝與乳牛的狀態有密切的關係，當脂肪組織代謝越快，牛隻變瘦也越快，反之亦然。其可能會造成繁殖、蹄部及代謝性疾病，尤其是酮症。因此，獸醫師要如何利用體態評分（body condition score; BCS）的變化來評估脂肪代謝的程度是重要的課題。目前在世界上有4個主要的評分系統，包括美國（分數1－5）、英國（分數0－5）、澳洲（分數1－8）及紐西蘭（分數1－10）。所有的系統皆以較低分數代表較瘦牛隻，以較高分數代表較胖牛隻，雖然各評分法不同，但其之間可互相換算比較。至目前為止，在台灣，仍是以美國系統為主，雖然在乾乳期、泌乳早期、泌乳中期和泌乳晚期牛隻的分數略有不同，但農民及獸醫師普遍可接受分數為2.5－3.5分。一般來說，飼料攝入的質與量、產乳及產犢皆會改變體態。當BCS改變過速時，酮病及第四胃異位發生的風險上升，第一次配種、分娩間隔及配種率會改變。當BCS過高或過低時，乳熱、胎盤滯留及分娩間隔會上升。娟姍牛目前已被引進台灣，做為改善牛乳品質之用。然而，與台灣的主要族群－荷蘭牛相比，娟姍牛的體型較小，而因其體型差異的結果導致紐西蘭政府決定發展新的評分系統評估娟姍牛的體態，以確保娟姍牛能在各泌乳階段保持健康。台灣的獸醫師應該要更新已有的知識，樂於改變並有能力去評估乳牛體態。本篇文獻回顧分別描述4個主要的評分系統及其各自的優點，並比較系統間相似及相異的部分。

關鍵字

體態評估標準 ； 乳牛

並列摘要

The metabolism of lipid tissue in cows has a significant association with cows' status. Higher degenerative rate of lipid tissue accompanies higher change rate of body shape. The sequelae associated with disordered fat metabolism mainly are reproductive, foot and metabolic diseases, especially ketosis. Thus, to know how to evaluate the lipid degenerative rate based on the change of body condition score (BCS) is necessary for veterinarians to help farmers focusing on the cow which has a higher risk of getting problems. There are four main BCS systems including USA (score 1-5), British (score 0-5), Australia (score 1-8) and New Zealand (score 1-10) systems used worldwide. All systems use low score indicating a thin cow and vice versa. Although their score scales are different, their scores are comparable. In Taiwan, so far, the USA scoring system is adapted. The acceptable score for farmers and veterinarians ranges from 2.5 to 3.5, although slight different proper score has been suggested in dry, early, mid and late lactation stages separately. Generally, the quantity and quality of food intake and milk and calving will change the body shape dramatically. When a cow suffers from a dramatic change of BCS, there are higher risks of getting ketosis and abomasal displacement, and days to first service and first service conception rate increase as well. When a cow's BCS is too high or too low, the cow has a higher chance of suffering from milk fever, retained placenta, and reduced first service conception rate. Jersey breed has been introduced into Taiwan to increase the quality of milk recently. However, the size of Jersey breed is smaller, compared with the main breed, Holstein, in Taiwan. The difference between Jersey and Holstein led the New Zealand government to develop a new scoring system to re-evaluate Jersey's body condition scores to ascertain their healthy in different milking stage properly. Taiwan veterinarians should improve their knowledge in different BCS system to welcome the changes and to have the ability to evaluate dairy cows better. This review article introduces the four main scoring systems separately and their advantages. The similarity and difference between different systems has been discussed as well.

並列關鍵字

Body condition score ； Dairy cows