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大地藝術:從道家自然鑒賞的角度看

Land Art: From the Perspective of the Daoist Appreciation of Nature

摘要


從美學的角度,反思當代歐美「大地藝術」,還是一個斬新的課題。當代「大地藝術」的美學特質可以歸納為:首先,當代「大地藝術」反對藝術與自然的對峙關係,亦即畢卡索所說的「藝術就是自然所沒有的」傳統觀念,要求藝術活動真正走向室外(而非僅僅從室內來觀照室外),從單純的「室內裝飾者」真正走向廣闊的「天地之際」。其次,當代「大地藝術」重新思考了天、地、人的三位一體的關係,人在其中決不是「頂天立地」的,而是「與天地參」的,順應自然規律的,從而由此要發展出一種「新型的人」與「新型的價值」。這具體體現在藝術形態當中:一方面自然成為藝術品要巨大無比,不重細節的;另一方面人只能對其「遠觀」而不能「近看」。再次,在當代「大地藝術」裡,就連自然本身亦是「無中心」的,自然乃是無限的球體,其內在性質是,正由於中心位於每個地方,所以四周不在任何地方。第四,當代「大地藝術」強調,只有自然才是一切事物(包括一切人造物)的原初源泉,同時也是最有潛力的材料。所以,要儘量保存自然的原生態,而反對未經深思熟慮的人為重建「第二自然」。第五,當代「大地藝術」認為,從藝術手法上看,對自然的界定和攝取,不能如浪漫派風景畫那般從主體出發任意取捨,而是要採取「極度寫實主義」的手法,從而來重新定義「藝術語境」和「藝術術語」。然而,當代大地藝術也是仍具有歐美中心主義的特質,並沒有完全考慮到東方文化和美學的智慧,可以從本土文化的視角對其做出相應的批判。

並列摘要


Land Art, i.e., Earth Art or Earthworks, is an important type of contemporary art in Occident. Its idea expressed in art movement from the late 1960s is very close to Chinese traditional thought of Aesthetics, especially to thought of ”The way models (fa) itself to that which is so on its own” in the Dao De Jing. Land Art is against the opposite relation between art and nature; art must be created in expansive natural space. Affinity between nature and artifact stood out in Chinese traditional culture all through. The trinity in heaven, man and earth is rethought in Land Art. Man in this kind of art is not ”ego” to change the earth, but is harmonious with nature as whole. Generally, Land Art works must be greatness, and spectators enjoy themselves far away from works. And Land Art chooses ”extremeactualistic” as its art technique in order to redefine ”art language.” Analogously, in Chinese aesthetics, notion of ”no-rule” (wu fa) being the ”ultimate rule” (wu fa er fa, nai wei zhi fa) is very important. In brief, Land Art philosophy is similar to Chinese Aesthetics of naturalness (zi ran). But Land Art is not a phenomenon of globalization, by reason of Euro, logo-centric intention being in it inevitably. Therefore, we can criticize it from east-Asian cultural and wisdom's perspective, and look forward to Land Art's flourish in China.

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