半總統制下的權力集散與政府穩定－台灣與威瑪共和的比較

Power Fragmentation and Government Stability under Semi-Presidentialism: A Comparative Study of Taiwan and the Weimar Republic

沈有忠(Yu-Chung Shen)

《臺灣民主季刊》 1卷3期 (2004/09) Pp. 99-129

https://doi.org/10.6448/TDQ.200409.0099

摘要

本文關注焦點在於半總統制底下不同次類型的憲政運作及其政治後果，并以臺灣與威瑪共和為案例實際檢視。本文認為，半總統制之下由憲法所賦予總統權力的不同，加上政府（內閣）組成及其與國會的互動，以及國會是否存在穩定而有效的多數等不同變數的相互影響，造成不同的憲政運作類型，更影響政府運作的穩定與否。若將總統、內閣與國會視為權力的三個元素，當此三個元素越集中（黨派立場越接近）或越朝向一元化（總統與內閣在行政權越集中）運作時，將越有利於政府的運作與存續，亦即越有利於政府的穩定。

關鍵字

半總統制 ； 權力集中 ； 權力一元化 ； 威瑪共和 ； 政府穩定

並列摘要

Traditional studies about the government typologies generally focus on the presidentialism and the parliamentarism, Maurice Duverger explained the political structure of the French Fifth Republic using the concept of “semi-presidential government” in 1976. It is a mixed typology between presidentialism and parliamentarism. This paper tries to explain government stable under semi-presidential government by the power fragmentation of the president, cabinet, and parliament in the cases of Taiwan and the Weimar Republic. The government may be more stability when the powers are more centralized. The Weimar Republic has already worked with semi-presidentialism from 1919 to 1933. It is the ancestor of semi-presidentialism and it is important for us to observe the workings of this system. Taiwan’s semi-presidential system was created in 1997. In these few years, the government is unstable and the party system has changed. This paper hopes to contribute to the understanding of the focus on the concept of the semi-presidentialisrn.

並列關鍵字

semi-presidentialism ； power fragmentation ； government stability ； Weimar Republic

參考文獻

徐正戎、呂炳寬(2002)。九七憲改後的憲政運作。問題與研究。41(1)，1-24。

Bahro, Horst H.(1999).Virtues and Vices of Semi-presidential Government.Journal of Social Sciences and Philosoph.11(1),1-37.

Bahro, Horst,Bernhard H. Bayerlein,Ernst Veser(1998).Duverger`s Concept: Semi-Presidential Government Revisited.European Journal of Political Research.34(2),201-224.

Boudon, Raymond,David D. McFarland (eds.)(1973).Progress in Mathematical Social Sciences.Amsterdam, the Netherlands:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.

Die Weimarer Republik