菲律賓選舉民主的危機

The Crisis of Philippine Electoral Democracy

Temario Rivera ； 萬象

《臺灣民主季刊》 2卷1期 (2005/03) Pp. 1-22

https://doi.org/10.6448/TDQ.200503.0001

摘要

本文檢視菲律賓選舉民主的兩個關鍵問題：一是菁英模式的代議制度以及缺乏課責性(accountability)，一是政治持續不安定。菲國菁英模式的代議制度，從新舊政治家族在選舉當中，尤其是全國性能選舉當中持續形成寡頭控制的局面，即可看出而縱使經歷經濟失敗與政治不安定，選舉産生的官員仍缺乏課責性，追根究源，則在於菁英剝削不平等權利關係、操控選舉以及缺乏有力的反對黨所致。主要由共産黨和回教分離主義推動以對抗中央政府的武裝運動，以及軍方的政治化派系，加上戰鬥型社會運動和公民社會組織形成的衝突政治，突顯菲國政治不安定的種種面向。後馬可仕時期採行的若干制度化革新措施，如1992年地方政府法、政黨比例法和不在籍投票法，已經開啓了選舉競爭的另一種可能性，但欲藉由這些制度來挑戰寡頭宰制，仍然存在著相當大的限制。然而，若有一個能代表窮人與中産階級利益與期望的全國性政黨崛起，對於長久以來根深蒂固的選舉寡頭宰制，將可形成相當份量的挑戰。此一新政黨的重要元素之一，是海外菲籍勞工及其家人這股亟待開發的力量。

關鍵字

選舉代表 ； 選舉課責性 ； 政治不穩定 ； 政黨體系與政黨名單 ； 公民社會

並列摘要

This paper examines two critical problems of Philippine electoral democracy: its elitist mode of representation and lack of accountability and its continuing political instability. The country's elitist mode of electoral representation is seen in the continuing entrenchment of oligarchic control of elections particularly in the national legislature by both old and new political families. The lack of accountability of elected officials even in the face of economic failure and political instability is rooted in the ability of elites to exploit unequal power relationships and manipulate elections and the absence of viable opposition parties. Intractable armed movements as represented by the communist and Islamic challenges to the central government, the politicized factions of the military, and the contentious politics of militant social movements and civil society organizations underscore varying aspects of the country's political instability. Some institutional innovations in the post-Marcos period such as the 1992 Local Government Code, the Party List Law, and the Absentee Voting Law have provided openings for alternative electoral contestation but the limitations for challenging oligarchic dominance through these institutions also continue to be formidable. However, the emergence of an alternative national mass-based political party built around the interests and aspirations of the poorer and middle classes can serve as a significant challenge to long entrenched oligarchic domination of the electoral arena. One important component of this new political party is the largely untapped potentials of the overseas Filipino workers and their families.

並列關鍵字

electoral representation ； electoral accountability ； political instability ； party system and party list ； civil society

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