道德潛能抑或社會成就？格林與鮑桑葵論權利的倫理根源

Moral Capacity or Social Achievement? Green and Bosanquet on the Ethical Roots of Rights

劉佳昊(Jia-hau Liu)

《臺灣民主季刊》 15卷3期 (2018/09) Pp. 39-74

摘要

權利理論，乃是現代道德與政治思想中至為關鍵的一環。惟因權利理論與西方自然法及自然權利思想傳統素有淵源，故在這套理論向非西方地區散布、推廣的過程裡，其理論實踐的基礎往往容易遭受質疑。本文所將探究的課題，即是格林與鮑桑葵這兩位十九世紀的英國政治思想家，他們經反思、批判自然權利學說所開展的權利承認理論，對現代權利理論的發展與應用之啟發。準此，於說明格林和鮑桑葵的權利理論與自然權利思想之關聯後，本文將從「權利的起源」、「權利的建制」，以及從這二者延伸出來的「權利資格的認可」三個面向，論說格林和鮑桑葵的權利承認理論之特色與承繼。從中我們將會發現，格林和鮑桑葵雖然對權利得獲證成的核心，該是人的道德潛能或社會身分有不同見解，但對他們來說，權利作為國家保障、約束個人自由的法定規範，是從人們的日常實踐、社會關係及體現於二者之中的倫理規範為根源化育而來。對非歐洲地區來說，這套理論見解遂可為發展在地權利論述的重要思想參照。

關鍵字

格林 ； 鮑桑葵 ； 權利承認 ； 倫理實踐 ； 道德潛能

並列摘要

Theory of rights is one of the most important parts of modern moral and political thought. However, since the theory has close relationship with the Western natural law and natural rights tradition, its development and practice in the non-Western world have encountered criticisms and doubts. Hence, the present article aims to explore and demonstrate what the rights recognition theory, which has developed by Green and Bosanquet, the two famous nineteenth-century British political thinkers, from their criticisms of natural rights theory, can illuminate and inspire us concerning the practice of modern rights theory. The article will discuss Green's and Bosanquet's theory and their continuity and difference from three dimensions: the origin of rights, the institution of rights, and the recognition and requirement of being a right-holder, after indicating the connections between their criticisms of natural rights theory and their theories. By these, we can find that although Green and Bosanquet have different views of the crux of rights justification, for it be moral capacity by human nature or social achievement, the right, as a legal device set by the state for protecting individual freedom, its root for both of them is people's ordinary practices and social relationships, and the ethical norms embodied in them. For the non-Western world, this rights recognition theory would thus provide some insights in finding the local rights discourse.

並列關鍵字

Green ； Bosanquet ； rights recognition ； ethical practice ； moral capacity

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