出走傳統閫範－清代江浙閨閣女性意識之嬗變

In Exile from Traditional Code of Conduct for Women - Transmutation of Female Consciousness of Boudoir Women in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Areas in Qing Dynasty

邱子玲(Chiou Zih Ling)

《明新學報》 44卷1期 (2020/12) Pp. 154-170

摘要

傳統閫範桎梏女性思想，致使傳統閨閣缺乏自我意識；自宋代對女性貞節與閨教漸趨嚴謹，明清時期更是擴大發酵，戕害女性身心靈甚劇。本文考察清代江浙閨閣女性意識之嬗變，諸多前賢考察清代袁枚之家族女性，多以袁枚三位妹妹與其詩作居多；本文以袁枚之三妹袁機與袁枚之孫女袁嘉為考察對象，分析生於清中葉之袁機與近晚清之袁嘉，不同年代、同屬推崇女性文學之隨園家族，如何堅守傳統閨教，甚而節烈殉死；再則考察同為晚清的秋瑾與施淑儀為對照，面對婚姻困蹇，如何自適與衝破傳統，提倡男女平等、反殉夫、興女學、與反纏足等創新議題。筆者透過文獻爬梳所得，同樣受傳統閨教之四位閨閣，面對婚姻及人生困頓之際，卻有不同之結局，在於對於傳統閨教之愚守與否；秋瑾與施淑儀思想開明，面對傳統閨教對女性之箝制，得以發現弊端，並貢獻己力於提升女性自我意識，為爭取女性思想解放之推行者，使清代江浙閨閣女性意識有所增進。

關鍵字

清朝 ； 閨教 ； 反殉節 ； 放足 ； 興女學

並列摘要

The traditional code of conduct for women shackled females' thought and resulted into their lack of self-consciousness. From the Sung dynasty on, the requirement for females' chastity and for the family moral education to boudoir women has been stricter and stricter, even expanded and fermented in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which harmed the body, heart and mind of females hugely. The transmutation of female consciousness of the boudoir women in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas in the Qing dynasty was investigated in this article. A lot of preceding scholars had researched the topic of the females of the family of Yuan Mei of the Qing dynasty, including Yuan Mei's three younger sisters and their poems mostly. In the current study, Yuan Mei's third younger sister, Yuan Ji, and granddaughter, Yuan Jia, were the study subjects. Of different times, both of Yuan Ji, in the early Qing dynasty, and Yuan Jia, around the late Qing dynasty, belonged to the Suiyuan family, which esteemed highly of female literature. It was analyzed how Yuan Ji, and Yuan Jia adhered to traditional family moral education to boudoir women, even how Yuan Jia died for dignity and chastity. Further, both of Qiu Jin, and Shi Shuyi, of the same time in the late Qing dynasty, were in contrast to Yuan Ji, and Yuan Jia. The innovative issues were explored, such as how adaptive they were in facing the difficulties of marriage, and how they broke the tradition, promoted gender equality, opposed the concept of committing suicide for chastity following husband's death, promoted female education and opposed foot-binding. Through literature review, the writer of the current study found that although the four boudoir women had the same received the traditional family moral education to boudoir women but had different endings respectively in facing the difficulties of marriage and life. Qiu Jin, and Shi Shuyi were open-minded about whether sticking foolishly to the traditional family moral education to boudoir women or not. Both of them found the malpractice in facing the clamping on of the traditional family moral education to boudoir women and contributed to the raising of females' self-consciousness. They were the promoters of females' ideological emancipation and improved the female consciousness of the boudoir women in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas in the Qing dynasty.

並列關鍵字

late Qing dynasty ； family moral education to boudoir women ； opposing the concept of committing suicide for chastity following husband's death ； foot-releasing ； promoting female education

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