五年級兒童記敘文寫作修辭格表現分析──以澳門一所學校為例

The Utilization of Rhetorical Devices by Fifth Grade Students in Chinese Narrative Writing: A Case in One School in Macao

向天屏(Tien-Ping Hsiang) ； 王志勝(Zhi-Sheng Wang)

《華語文教學研究》 13卷1期 (2016/03) Pp. 69-109

摘要

本研究通過協同探究的內容分析歷程，分析106位澳門小學五年級兒童，在課堂上、80分鐘內、不接受指導的條件下，所撰寫的記敘文中展現的修辭格技巧。我們發現106篇記敘文中：(1)最常出現的修辭格是單字重疊、摹視、追述的示現與詞語隔離反覆；(2)涉及銜接全篇、段落的修辭格包括追溯的示現、提問、類句與段間頂真；(3)調整表意方法的修辭格出現次數多於設計優美形式的修辭格；(4)摹寫出現的次數多於示現；類字類句出現的次數多於排比、層遞；(5)未能具象、創新地描寫、語法錯誤、運用方言等因素，影響修辭格文本的表現。我們建議：分析各年級小學生運用修辭格的能力，規劃修辭格教學序列；引導學生具象、創新地描寫事物與感受。

關鍵字

修辭格 ； 記敘文 ； 教學 ； 寫作表現 ； 作文

並列摘要

The study used the content analysis method through the process of co-operative inquiry to analyze the utilization of rhetorical devices by 106 Macao fifth graders in Chinese narrative writing (students wrote essays alone in 80 minutes in class). We found: 1. reduplication, visual description, the representation of a past event, and the repetition of expression (epanalepsis) were the most common rhetorical devices in students’ narrative writings; 2. students used the representation of past events, rhetorical questions, the repetition of sentences, and anadiplosis to link paragraphs or the whole writing; 3. students used rhetorical devices which can promote expression more than those which can design ideal forms; 4. sensory description texts were more common than the representation of past event texts, and repetition texts were more common than parallelism and climax texts; 5. description without imagined, specific, or original representation, grammar mistakes, and dialect usage and diction were the factors which effect the performance of rhetorical devices texts. We suggest: 1. designing the teaching order of rhetorical devices and integrating reading and writing instruction based on students’ ability to use rhetorical devices; 2. providing chances for students to describe things or feelings imaginatively, specifically, and originally as a good start to the teaching of rhetorical devices.

並列關鍵字

rhetorical devices ； narrative ； teaching ； writing performance ； composition

參考文獻

香港教育局課程發展議會。2008。《小學中國語文建議學習重點（試用）》。2015 年7 月23 日， 取自http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/curriculumdevelopment/kla/chi-edu/pri_chi_lang_lo_web_version.pdf [Education Bureau of HKSAR. 2008. Trial Recommendations of Chinese Language Learning Keys in Primary Education. Accessed online, July 23, 2015.http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/curriculum-development/kla/chi-edu/pri_chi_lang_lo_web_version.pdf]

張春榮。2005 年8 月31 日。〈修辭教學的誤區〉，《國語日報》，第13 版。[Zhang, Chun-rong. 2005, August 31. The erroneous zones of the teaching of Chinese rhetoric. Mandarin Daily News, 13.]

張春榮。2006 年3 月29 日。〈國小常用辭格〉，《國語日報》，第13 版。[Zhang, Chun-rong. 2006, March 29. Commonly used Chinese rhetorical devices in primary school. Mandarin Daily News, 13.]

教育部。2011。《國民中小學九年一貫課程綱要語文學習領域（國語文）》。2015 年7 月23 日， 取自http://teach.eje.edu.tw/9CC/index_new.php[Ministry of Education. 2011. Grades 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines (Mandarin).Accessed online, July 23, 2015. http://teach.eje.edu.tw/9CC/index_new.php]

教育暨青年司課程改革工作組。1999。《小學中文大綱》。2015 年7 月23日，取自http://www.dsej.gov.mo/crdc/course/primary_r.htm [DSEJ, 1999.Primary Education Curriculum Outlines of Mandarin Chinese. Accessed online, July 23, 2015. http://www.dsej.gov.mo/crdc/course/primary_r.htm]