儒佛交涉的現代展開與人間佛教思潮─以太虛大師對現代新儒家的回應為中心

人間佛教作為20世紀中國文化的一種思潮現象，與新儒家思潮之間的思想淵源，乃是一個值得關注的課題。20世紀初儒佛關係的展開形態，除佛教契機弘化的調適轉型之外，還與儒家思想闡釋的「現代性」之間存在著密切的思想史關聯。馬一浮（1883-1967）、熊十力（1885-1968）、梁漱溟（1893-1988）等人在20世紀上半葉對佛法的不同取向，都使正處於轉型中的佛僧作出相應回應，並從中表現出有別於傳統儒家「學佛以知儒」與「學儒以知佛」的思想形態，客觀上刺激了佛教弘化從傳統「山林佛教」到人間佛教的轉向，使之更致力於制度層面與日常生活層面的落實。至於人間佛教思潮對現代新儒家們的思想影響，則體現為把「宗教性」全權納歸於佛教。而人間佛教思潮巨擘太虛法師對此所作的具體回應，則更值得進一步的檢討。本文即以太虛人間佛教思想的形成為切入點，來觀照現代儒佛關係的展開內容及其意義所在。

關鍵字

儒佛關係；人間佛教思潮；太虛大師；馬一浮；熊十力；梁漱溟

並列摘要

As a phenomenon of ideological trend in Chinese culture in the 20(superscript th) century, the origin of the relationship of Human Realm Buddhism and modern Confucianism is an issue worthy of being paid attention to. At the beginning of the 20(superscript th) century, the relationship of Confucianism and Buddhism was being established. Buddhism adapted itself and transformed its ways in preaching at the best moment as well as in promoting the religion. In addition, it was also closely related with the Confucians' way of interpreting ”modern” in the history of ideology.In the first half of the 20(superscript th) century, Ma Yi-fu(1883-1967), Syong Shih-li(1885-1968), Liang Shu-ming(1893-1988) had different views about Buddha dharma, which drew_ corresponding responses from monks who were undergoing transformation. From such responses, the monks showed their ideology which was different from that of the traditional Confucians' ”Learning Buddhism so as to know Confucianism” and ”Learning Confucianism so as to know Buddhism.” Objectively the preaching and promoting of Buddhism was stimulated to transform Buddhism from traditional ”mountain-forest Buddhism” to ”Human Realm Buddhism” and more effort was made in the realization of Buddhism not only in the aspect of its system but also in the aspect of daily life.As to the influence of the ideology of Human Realm Buddhism to the thoughts of the modern Confucianism, it is explicitly shown by their having 'religious' be all included in Buddhism. And the concrete response of the venerable Tashi to the ideological trend like this is worthy to be further discussed and reflected on. This text focuses on the shaping of the ideological trend of the Venerable Tashi, taking a close look at the content of the development of the relationship between the modern Confucianism and Buddhism.