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多面向健身運動訓練與老年人認知功能之文獻回顧

A review of multi-modal exercise training and cognitive functions in older adults

摘要


過去研究多以單一型態健身運動為主來探討對提升老年人認知功能的效果,多面向健身運動訓練則於近期受到更多關注。本文旨在回顧多面向健身運動訓練與老年人認知功能之相關研究,分為四個部分:首先探討老化與認知功能之相關研究,並討論不同背景變項是否影響兩者間之關係;其二討論多面向健身運動訓練對認知功能及身體適能之影響;其三再回顧健身運動訓練與其他健康因子對認知功能之影響;最後則針對文獻回顧結果提出結論與未來方向。本文統整出以下結果:(一)老化與多種認知功能及大腦健康有著負向關聯,然該關聯受到不同背景變項(性別、教育程度、身體質量指數等)調節;(二)多面向健身運動訓練後,老年人不僅提升身體適能,亦在認知功能、大腦結構,及生物指標上有正面效益;(三)結合健身運動訓練與其他健康因子(認知訓練、營養補充、飲食、冥想)對認知功能亦有正面影響,且該效益能延伸至老年特殊族群。綜合回顧發現,多面向健身運動訓練對改善老年人認知功能有正面效益,然鑑於該研究目前仍屬於新穎議題之一,在實驗設計上仍有較多侷限,建議未來研究可朝向劑量反應、認知功能之延續效應、神經電生理儀器、以及生物指標等方向進行後續探討。

關鍵字

老化 執行功能 大腦健康 營養 冥想

並列摘要


Studies have shown a positive relationship between exercise training and cognitive functions in older adults; however, multi-modal exercise training currently has received more attention, as compared to any single type of exercise training. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to review the effects of multi-modal exercise training on cognitive functions in older adults. Specifically, the article firstly reviewed included studies about the relationship between aging and cognitive functions, and further discussed whether individual background affects the relationship; secondly, the article was intended to review included studies, relating to multi-modal exercise training and cognitive functions, and to further discuss the role of physical fitness in potentially influencing multi-modal exercise training and cognitive functions; thirdly, the article further reviewed studies exploring the effects of multi-exercise training and other healthy behaviors on cognitive functions; finally, the article conducted a conclusion, and provided possible future directions for research, based on the results of the current review. After reviewing, we found three conclusions: (a) previous studies revealed that there is a negative correlation between aging and cognitive functions or brain health, and this correlation was moderated by individual background (i.e., gender, education, body mass index); (b) multi-modal exercise training can effectively improve physical fitness in older adults. These positive effects were found not only on cognitive functions but also on brain structure and biological indicators; (c) combined multi-modal exercise training and healthy behaviors (e.g., cognitive training, nutritional supplements, diet, meditation) have a positive impact on cognitive functions and these benefits can also be extended to a special population. Taken together, we concluded that multi-modal exercise training has positive benefits for improving cognitive functions in older adults. However, the present research issues are still novel, and also suffer from several limitations in experimental design, thus more studies are still needed to clarify the consequences obtained from dose-response, sustained effects, neuroelectric approaches, and biomarker indicators.

並列關鍵字

aging executive function brain health nutrition meditation

參考文獻


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Imaoka, M., Nakao, H., Nakamura, M., Tazaki, F., Maebuchi, M., Ibuki, M., & Takeda, M. (2019). Effect of multicomponent exercise and nutrition support on the cognitive function of older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 2145.
Karssemeijer, E. G. A., Aaronson, J. A., Bossers, W. J., Smits, T., & Kessels, R. P. C. (2017). Positive effects of combined cognitive and physical exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 40, 75-83.
Kramer, A. F., & Colcombe, S. (2018). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study-revisited. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13, 213-217.

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