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經典的政治經濟學之「經濟人」模型及其意涵

Classical Political Economy and Its Model of "Homo Oeconomicus": A Brief Exposition

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摘要


本文從經典的政治經濟學之鼻祖亞丹‧斯密的《國富論》談起,析述李嘉圖國際分工與商貿的比較低成本理論和地租說,兼及馬爾薩斯人口論的道德自制,以及薩伊的供需均衡說,最後及於約翰‧穆勒工資基金理論。在綜合經典的政治經濟學說對人的看法之後,得出這些經濟學家把人視爲擁有理性、計算、抉擇能力、承擔後果的「經濟人」之結論。只是在今日社會組織脈絡之下,經濟人有轉型爲「行政人」的必要。這種經濟哲學對國際貿易的關係與運動的意涵,在於參與賽局者如何精打細算,忍受競爭過程上的熬鍊,由挫敗轉勝的策略,俾追求稀少性、匱乏性的價值-承認、榮譽、獎勵,更強調商場上與運動場上都要講究競賽技巧、遵守遊戲規則,進行合群與公平的競爭,這才是所謂的運動精神的發揮。

並列摘要


This article deals with the theoreticians and their ideas of political economy since Adam Steuart. It discusses firstly Adam Smith's classical work The Wealth of Nations and his original view of wealth as residing in and arising from commodities, the output of industrial production and commercial markets. The treatise then briefly expounds Ricardo's theory of comparative low cost of production among the trading countries. Subsequently, Malthus' theory of unequal growth of food and population is touched upon. Eventually, the essay considers Say's law of ”supply creates its own demand” and John Stuart Mill's contribution to economic studies. Finally, the implications of classical political economy for the formulation of the concept of ”homo oeconomicus” are critically evaluated.

參考文獻


Blaug, Mark,David L. Sills(ed.)(1968).Ricardo, David.International Encyclopedia of the Social Science.13,507-512.
Blaug, Mark,David L. Sills(ed.)(1968).Malthus, Thomas Robert.International Encyclopedia of the Social Science.9,549-552.
De la Riviére, Mercier(1909).L'ordre Natural et Essentiel des Sociétés Politiques.Paris:Larousse.
Fürstenberg, Friedrich(1961).Wirtschaftssoziologie.Berlin:Walter de Gruyter.
Fürstenberg, Friedrich,G. Eisermann(hrsg.)(1969).Die Lehre von der Gesellschaft.Stuttgart:Ferdinand Enke Verlag.

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