運動員的技術創發：教練與選手之身體／權力／知識結構

運動選手在訓練或學習技術的過程中，除了吸取教練的技術知識之外，選手也常常會藉由自己的身體經驗延伸或創發出新的自身技術。但是，選手在眾多技術養成的過程中，必然會受到一些擁有專業知識的資深教練對其身體技術創發進行一種「宰制」與「規訓」，教練與選手之間隱藏著各式各樣的權力關係，其中也有可能會受到他人或者選手自身的抑制與激發。簡言之，選手在技術創發的處境中，不斷地牽涉到身體／權力／知識三者間的運作與循環。因此，本文主要目的便在探討選手技術創發中所面臨的生存處境。研究方法是以傅柯哲學思想中三個主要議題：身體／權力／知識的觀點切入，來揭露運動選手在技術創發中的生存結構。結果發現運動選手生存在技術創發形成的處境中，存在五種相互關係的結構：「雙向的關係」，教練與選手之間的身體／權力／知識關係；「單元的機制」，以單元式的訓練來完成身體／權力／知識的關係；「間接的運作」，間接性技術創發的身體／權力／知識之相互運作的關係；「身分的逆轉」，教練與選手之間不斷身分反轉的關係；「知識的轉化」，將他人知識轉化成自身的知識所產生身體／權力／知識的運作關係。因此，選手技術創發的生存結構是一種很精緻很完美且超乎我們想像的機制不斷地運作。

關鍵字

身體；權力；知識；傅柯；生存結構

並列摘要

Athletes, in addition to learn techniques and knowledge from their coaches during the training, often extend what they learn to a new level or create new techniques based on their personal experiences. However, in many training programs, players are inevitably influenced by domination and discipline from professional coaches. There are different kinds of power relations between a coach and a player. It is also possible for players to get stimulated or suppressed by themselves or under others' influences. In shorts, relations of body, power and knowledge are constantly involved when athletes' innovation techniques take place. The goal of this study is to investigate what situation athletes would face when trying to create new techniques. The methodology, consulting Foucault's three main theories about body, power and knowledge, aims at revealing the survival structures that athletes encounter. The results show that there are five kinds of mechanisms for players to develop their innovation techniques. First, ＂mutual mechanism＂ (two-way mechanism): a body- power-knowledge relation between a coach and a player. Second, ＂unit mechanism＂: the relation of body, power and knowledge is complete through the training unit by unit. Third, ＂indirect mechanism＂: the interrelation of body, power and knowledge in an indirect way. Forth, ＂identity opposite transition＂: the continuous transitive relationship between coaches and athletes. Fifth, ＂knowledge translation＂: the relation of body, power and knowledge is to change someone's knowledge into personal knowledge. Therefore, we can see that athletes' innovation techniques are actually manipulated by these complicated and perfectly-working mechanisms.