奧斯維辛之後的耶路撒冷：從孟德爾頌到列維納斯的猶太政治神學路徑

Jerusalem after Auschwitz: The Path of Jewish Political Theology from Mendelssohn to Levinas

鄧元尉(Teng Yuan-wei)

《漢語基督教學術論評》 28期 (2019/12) Pp. 89-124

摘要

猶太教的倫理傳統向來具有某種政治性格，此一政治性格隨著十八世紀發軔的猶太啟蒙運動帶來了猶太現代性的課題：猶太教如何參與世俗社會並懷抱某種公共性。對此，猶太啟蒙運動領袖摩西．孟德爾頌在其名著《耶路撒冷》提出重要論述，主張猶太教兼具了「理性宗教」和「啟示立法」、但並不是「啟示宗教」，從而獲得一既呼應啟蒙精神、又保持律法傳統、且不致落入「理性vs.啟示」之二元對立的現代猶太教。不過，孟德爾頌所構思的猶太政治神學路徑隨著當代的猶太大屠殺而面臨挫折。在後大屠殺時代致力於恢復猶太倫理傳統的列維納斯，對《耶路撒冷》一書所作的詮釋，可以幫助我們看到猶太政治神學所尋思轉進的新方向。本文嘗試刻畫此一思想歷程，探索《耶路撒冷》之政治神學意涵並描述列維納斯的詮釋理路，期望由此來理解猶太政治神學的基本特質。

關鍵字

孟德爾頌 ； 列維納斯 ； 猶太啟蒙運動 ； 解放 ； 大屠殺

並列摘要

The ethical tradition of Judaism has always had a political dimension, which introduced the subject of Jewish modernity during the Haskalah period in the eighteenth century: how does Judaism participate in the secular society with some kind of publicity? According to the theory of Moses Mendelssohn, a leader of Haskalah, expressed in his masterpiece Jerusalem, Judaism is both a ＂religion of reason＂ and ＂revealed legislation＂ but not a ＂revealed religion,＂ so that a modern Judaism could response to Enlightenment spirit and keeps the Torah and does not fall into the opposition of reason and revelation. However, this Jewish political theology path envisioned by Mendelssohn faced setbacks from the Holocaust. From the point of view of Levinas, who committed to restore Jewish ethical tradition in the post-Holocaust era, we can obtain a new direction of Jewish political theology. This article attempts to portray this thought course, to explore the political theological implications of Jerusalem and to describe Levinas's interpretation of this book, in the hope of understanding the basic characteristics of Jewish political theology.

並列關鍵字

Mendelssohn ； Levinas ； Haskalah ； emancipation ； Holocaust

參考文獻

Cohen, Richard A., Elevations: The Height of the Good in Rosenzweig and Levinas. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Critchley, Simon, The Ethics of Deconstruction: Derrida and Levinas. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.

Feiner, Shmuel, The Jewish Enlightenment. Translated by Chaya Naor. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Heschel, Abraham J., The Prophets. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.

Levinas, Emmanuel. Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism. Translated by Seán Hand. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1990.