Xibo was a vassal state of Shang dynasty. After King Wu of Zhou eliminated Shang dynasty, his clan impeded, adherents of Shang dynasty rebelled, and east barbarians declined to obey him. This led the governors of early Zhou dynasty raising the concern of potential perils. In order to legitimize the small vassal Zhou state replacing huge Shang dynasty, the authority concluded that King Wen of Zhou obtained the mandate by holding ”Der”. The authority emphasized that God only endows the mandate to those who holds ”Der” instead of those who has close relationship with God. Therefore, Shang dynasty lost the mandate because of their disdainful attitude to God, violation of the normative rule of God, and imprudent governing of their states. While Zhou got the mandate is because the governor led cleverly and executed penalty very sincerely. ”Der” is not only related to God but also close to the people.The author analyzed what the exact meaning of ”Der” from Zhou Part of Esteemed Documents is by referring the ancient classics and interpreting the oracle bone script and inscriptions.
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