差異化的女性公民社會參與：以過程中主體出發

Differentiated Women's Participation in Civil Society: The Perspective of "Subject in Process"

陳素秋(Su-Chiu Chen)

《教育與多元文化研究》 8期 (2013/05) Pp. 67-103

摘要

女性主義政治主張跳脫以男性經驗為基礎的理論與研究模式，強調由女性經驗出發，重新建構政治理論與政治行動。但此強調女性經驗的主張，引發女性政治主體樣貌界定的爭論，亦即，關注如何回應在政治行動中，女性集體認同與女性差異之間可能的衝突。依循此問題架構，再加上公民社會為女性近年來參與公共事務的主要場域，因此，本文主要探究女性參與公民社會的差異化經驗。藉由分析與比較女性公民社會參與經驗之多國研究，以及女性主義對於女性參與公共事務的差異政治理論出發，本文嘗試回答：一個較能體現多元差異、使女性充權的公民社會實踐應該為何？並以臺灣的性交易除罪化運動來說明臺灣的差異化公民社會實踐。本文主張，差異化的女性公民社會參與，可採納Lloyd的過程中主體概念為基礎，放棄單一女性政治主體，重視發展競勝式公民社會。而此競勝式公民社會參與的實現，有賴於競勝是否帶來公民社會的自我再生，以及競勝組織能否獲得發展資源，尤其是倡議的文化構框論述空間，以及組織運作與形成結盟。而透過分析臺灣的性交易除罪化相關立法運動，本文也發現，在此一議題的差異化女性公民社會參與上，臺灣的文化形構環境提供了多元組織發展的空間，但在組織發展資源上，仍有待建立適當經費與人力資源補助機制，俾利於各組織之發展與生存。

關鍵字

女性主義政治 ； 性交易除罪化 ； 性別化公民社會 ； 差異

並列摘要

Feminist politics advocates challenging masculine norms that shape political theory and research, while at the same time stressing the adoption of women's experiences to reconstruct political theory and reinterpret political activity. However, this position has led to a debate as to how to define the woman political subject, with particular focus on the contradiction between women's identity and women's differences in terms of their political action. This article aims to explore this problematic issue by investigating women's differentiated experiences of participating in civil society, as civil society has in recent years become a major field for women's political participation. Reviewing feminist theories on the politics of difference and empirical research on women's participation in civil society, this article explicates the principles upon which a civil society can be forged, which is able to include difference and empower women. The article will also examine the inclusion and exclusion of difference in Taiwanese civil society by analyzing the current debate on decriminalizing prostitution. Inspired by the concepts of ” subject in process” and ”agonistic democracy” presented by Moya Lloyd, this article argues that an agonistic civil society that no longer assumes a singular and consistent woman political subject can work better to include differences among women. The functioning of this agonistic civil society depends on whether the ”agon” brings about civil society's self-reproduction and on whether these agonistic associations are able to procure resources to support the development of a ”cultural framing”, organizational operations, and organizational networks and alliances. With the example of the decriminalization of prostitution in Taiwan, this article also contends that changes in the cultural context of Taiwan have opened up a space for diverse cultural framings for different women's rights groups. However, it will further be necessary to improve the funding system in Taiwan to support the development and sustainability of different civil society associations.

並列關鍵字

feminist politics ； decriminalization of prostitution ； gendered civil society ； difference